Observational Techniques in Psychology - 946 Words

Observational techniques Observational studies are investigations where the researcher observes a situation and records what happens but does not manipulate an independent variable. Observational studies therefore tend to be high in ecological validity as there is no intervention and if the observer remains undetected the method avoids problems with demand characteristics. There are a number of different types of observational studies including naturalistic and controlled observations, non-participant and participant observations, structured and unstructured observations. Naturalistic observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their†¦show more content†¦carries on working? Whilst at the same time? Listens to music? Behavioural categories should be mutually exclusive (not overlapping) but in reality this is often difficult to do with a checklist. [pic] Advantages of using a coding scheme are that they are fairly simple to carry out and that they provide quantitative data which can be analysed statistically. However observation using coding schemes has a main weakness. It gives a very restricted view of what is actually happening. The researcher may miss important behaviour and the data is not as in-depth as simply observing behaviour which is occurring. An unstructured observation involves the researchers recording the behaviour they can see. This can be difficult without the use of recording equipment (such as a video camera), can be difficult to analyse but does provide rich qualitative data. Furthermore with unstructured observations there is a tendency for observers to record the most eye-catching or noticeable behaviours which might not be the most relevant or important behaviours to record. A controlled observation occurs when the researchers control some variables. These observations may be carried out in laboratory situations or natural situations. Sampling observational data Sometimes observations are made continuously where the observers record everything that happens in detail, perhaps with a video camera. Sometimes researchers use a samplingShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Observation Of Psychological Research1508 Words   |  7 PagesOption B Discuss the role of observation in psychological research, drawing from examples from chapters 3, 6 and 8 of Investigating Psychology In order to evaluate the usefulness of observational studies in psychological research this assignment will first briefly explain the role of observation. It will proceed by drawing from an example of observational studies conducted by Bandura et al (1963) as cited in Oates (2014), in order to illuminate the value of observation. Additionally it willRead MoreImplementing Observational Learning 844 Words   |  4 PagesThe following essay provides the reader with a cursory understanding of observational learning and how it may be implemented within the classroom. The paper first explores a workable definition of observational learning primarily through the concept of modeling and vicarious learning. The second part discusses the roles of the teacher and environment. The paper then discusses how observational learning may be used to teach positive attitudes and effective thinking skills, also achieved through vicariousRead MoreThis Essay Will Evaluate The Use Of Observation As A Me thod1388 Words   |  6 Pagesof observation as a method of study within psychology. Initially, the essay will discuss the two traditional methods of investigation which are experimentation and observation, before undertaking a deeper examination of the observational method itself. It will then consider where the use of the observational method has proven successful, with supporting evidence of research in which it played a key role. In closing, the limitations of the observational method in psychological research will be consideredRead MoreEssay on Behaviorism: Modern Applications1240 Words   |  5 PagesTolman, and John B. Watson. These men opposed the study of consciousness believing that psychology should instead focus on only what could be seen, heard, or touched. The result was a science of behavior that viewed human beings as machines (Schultz Schultz, 2008). This paper offers a discussion of the evolution of behaviorism, the contributions of Albert Bandura, and the impac t of behaviorism on modern psychology and life in the 21st century. The major schools of thought which preceded behaviorismRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Essay Is To Evaluate The Use Of Observation1485 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of observation as a method of study within psychology. In order to undertake this evaluation the essay will initially discuss two traditional methods of investigation which are experimentation and observation. Furthermore, it will highlight differences between the two methods. In the second part of the essay, a deeper examination of the observational method itself will be undertaken. Here, examples of research in which the use of the observational method has proven successful will be consideredRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Learning Theory1340 Words   |  6 Pages Bandura’s theory is based on how people can learn by observing others, how internal mental states influence people, and how learning something does not change one’s behavior every time. Bandura was able to find out that people learn by three observat ional models. The first model is the live model which includes observing how someone demonstrates the behavior, the verbal instruction model which learning occurs through auditory directions, and the symbolic model where modeling occurs through mediaRead MoreOrganizational Psychology Paper Psy 428924 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Psychology Paper Shanna Brookins PSY/428 12/12/2011 Organizational Psychology Paper Introduction Organizational psychology is the study of a formal organization and how individuals and groups act within that organization; in other words, the scientific study of the workplace. The goal of organizational psychology is to help organizations function the best way possible. This is achieved by helping people understand their interactions with each other and create an environmentRead MoreCareer Goals : My Career Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAs a student of psychology, my career assessments test showed me many options for my career goal path. For starters, my career interest profile results are broken into six main categories which are: social, artistic, investigative, enterprising, realistic, and conventional. According to my results, my career matches are as followed: preschool, primary, secondary, and special education teacher. I am 28% social, 22% artistic, 17% investigative, 11% enterprising, 10% realistic, and 9% realistic. AccordingRead MoreThe Social Of Social Cognitive Th eory1591 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: The Social Cognitive Theory is perhaps the most comprehensive and complex learning theories in the field of psychology. The theory attempts to explain how our social environment has a great influence on our behaviors and actions. Albert Bandura is the most notable psychologist of the Social Cognitive Theory. He has conducted intense research and experiments for over 50 years and continually strives to improve the strengths and correct the limitations of the theory. The Social CognitiveRead MoreBehaviorism Views On Human Behavior1030 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most colorful personalities in thehistory of psychology. Although he did not invent behaviorism, he became widelyknown as its chief spokesman and protagonist. Watson was brought up in the prevalent tradition: Mechanism explains behavior. In a widely used textbook (Watson, 1914) he said that the study ofthe mind is the province of philosophy; it is the realm of speculation andendless word games. The mind has no place in psychology. A science ofpsychology must be based on objective phenomena

Essay on Araby and Cask of Amontillado a Comparison

â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†: A Comparison I found the stories â€Å"Araby,† by James Joyce and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† by Edgar Allan Poe to have a similar idea behind them. They both seem to be stories involving someone manipulating the actions of another person. I will be talking about and comparing the different elements of each story and their relevance. Both stories take place in different countries. In â€Å"Araby† the story is about a boy from Ireland. The country itself doesn’t have too much importance. The story would be almost the same if the boy was from America. When the main character visits the bazaar is when the setting matters. In this case the setting in not the physical place, but what it represents. The items†¦show more content†¦I believe all of this symbolizes death. Catacombs are where people are put to rest; it’s already full of death. I think he uses vault to symbolize something that is locked away. A vault is not only something in a bank where you store things, but also can be a place of death. One definition of vault is a tomb or burial chamber. The other symbolism I found is Fortunato’s outfit. Fortunato was wearing motley, which is a multicolored dress. He was also wearing a conical cap with bells on it. This is the traditional look of a court Jester in medieval times, als o known as a fool. I believe Poe uses this to show us that Fortunato was fooled. At the end of the story he starts laughing and believes it all to be a joke. The tones of each work are different. Joyce’s story is dealing with love. It has a feeling of urgency. The boy cannot wait for his uncle to come home to give him some money. All of his thoughts are about the girl. This story is written in the first person narrative. It has a feel of someone recalling something that has happened a while ago. â€Å"The Cask†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was also written in the first person narrative. I believe the overall tone is dark and ominous. You know from the beginning that the protagonist seeks revenge. There are a couple of ironies in this story. The main character toasts to Fortunato’s long life. This can either be taken as sarcasm, as the main character will soon doom him to his death; or he does indeed want him to live long and suffer the fate that heShow MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pageswith himself – or about where the major crisis, or turning point of the narrative actually occurs. No r is there any special reason that the crisis should occur at or near the middle of the plot. It can, in fact, occur at any moment. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and in a number of the other companion stories in â€Å"Dubliners† the crisis – in the form of a sudden illumination that Joyce called an epiphany – occurs at the very end of the story, and the falling action and the resolution are dispensed with altogether

Human Growth and Lifespan Development

Question: Discuss about theHuman Growth and Lifespan Development. Answer: Theory of Multiple Intelligence The theory of multiple intelligences proposes that a person has eight or more relatively autonomous intelligences. According to Gardner, intelligence is not dominated by a single general ability but rather different specific modalities (Gardner, 1983). People do draw on these intelligences on both individual and corporate levels in creating materials and also solving problems which are relevant to their situations. (Gardner, 2006: Gardner, 2007). The eight intelligences identified by Gardner were interpersonal, intrapersonal, linguistic, spatial, logical-mathematical, naturalistic, musical and bodily-kinaesthetic (Slavin, 2009: Gardner, 199). According to Gardner, these intelligences have to meet a certain criterion before making it to the list. As outlined by Gilman, (2001) and Katie Davis, Christodoulou, Seider, and Gardner, (2011), the intelligence had to fulfil this criteria: should have a distinct developmental progression, had a place in evolutionary history, could be supported by experimental psychology, could be seen in relative isolation in savants, prodigies and other exceptional individuals, had the potential for brain isolation by brain damage, could be encoded, should exhibit a distinct neural representation, and could demonstrate core operations. Despite detailing out the differences between the intelligences, Gardner opposes the idea that learners should not be labelled to a particular intelligence. He suggests that the theory ought to empower them and not confine them to a single form of education (McKenzie, 2005). Gardner further claims that only logical-mathematical and linguistic intelligences are held as of value and hence tested in current education systems. The multiple intelligence theory conceives intelligence as a multiple and not unitary in nature, hence outlining a different perspective of intelligence, different from those outlined in the 1900s, studied in detail by Piaget and other notable psychologist, and which are also measured in current times using IQ tests (Katie Davis et al., 2011). Some scholars have asserted that intelligence is influenced by environmental factors and for others, it is an inborn trait hence individuals have little capacity to change it. On the other hand, Howard conceives that intelligence results from a combinational of heritable potential and skills which undergo development in different ways as influenced by experiences (Gardner, 1983). This can be illustrated by an example whereby an individual could be born with outstanding intellectual potential in the musical-rhythmic sphere which enables him to quickly learn the elaborate steps of playing a musical instrument such as a piano on a much easier scale. Whereas, for the second individual, to attain such expertise, he has to study and practice for a much longer duration. Both individuals have the potential of exemplary performance in playing the piano, which is a sphere that draws on their musical-rhythmic intelligence, the paths are taken by either to make it to good performers differs both qualitatively (the process), and also quantitatively (speed). Educational pedagogies are tapping into multiple intelligence as a way of understanding the specific abilities and uniqueness of every person. As such, this draws on the idea that in the process of growth and development, each person is capable, and also has a purpose. Comparing the Theory of Multiple Intelligence with other Concepts of Intelligence in Middle and Late Childhood Different form Howard Gardners definition of intelligence as a multiple and not unitary in nature,Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence state that intelligence is defined in an individual's capability of succeeding in life based on his/her individual values and within a particular sociocultural context (Sternberg, 1987). According to Sternberg, an individuals ability to be successful depends on his or her ability to capitalise on his or her strengths, whereas compensating for his or her weakness. The theory proposes that success is as a result of balancing analytical, creative and practical abilities. For a start, this differs from the multiple intelligences theory which posits that an individual can attain success in whatever sphere as it all depends on the level of efforts put into refining a particular trait. Contrary to Gardners eight components of intelligence, the triarchic theory proposes only three aspects. They include analytical intelligence, creative intelligence and practical intelligence (Sternberg, 1988). Analytical intelligence is involved with an individuals ability perform an analysis, conduct an evaluation, judge, or conduct a comparison and contrast. Creative intelligence is applied in creating, designing, inventing, originating and imagining. Whereas, practical intelligence entail those components applied when an individual implements, and puts ideas into practice (Haghighi, Zemestani, Samavi, 2013). Multiple intelligences theory offers a better way of understanding intelligence in human beings. The theory tends to address vital elements of intelligence not captured by other theories such as triarchic theory and emotional intelligence. It emphasises on the domains and not just the process as outlined in triarchic theory, and it also does not view emotions as a distinct intelligence. Implications of the Intelligences on my Personal Life Naturalistic intelligence has influenced my roles in functions relating to the natural world, such as being a chef or even a botanist. Further. This form of intelligence is applicable when discriminating products as a consumer. Enhancing my logical-mathematical intelligence has improved my ability to solve arithmetic problems, logic puzzles, strategy games and experiments. Likewise interpersonal intelligence and intrapersonal intelligence are applicable in my leadership roles. To be a fair dancer, I had to refine body-kinaesthetic intelligence. On the other hand, the sphere of linguistic intelligence has enabled my ability to appoint complex meanings and also express them using language. Lastly, refining spatial intelligence skills have enhanced my ability to draw and paint through the enhancement of the dynamic imagination, image manipulation and spatial reasoning capacities. Parenting Styles According to Diana Baumrind The four parenting styles identified by Diana are based on two aspects of parenting; warmth and control. Warmth is the measure to which parents accept and respond to the childrens behaviours. control, on the other hand, control is the degree to which parents manage the childrens behaviours. Combining these two aspects results into four parenting styles. The styles are authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and involved (Baumrind, 1971). Authoritative parents are warm but firm. They encourage a sense of independence in their children, while at the same time controlling their actions and maintaining limits. Under authoritative parenting, parents do engage their children in discussions and debates, but the ultimate responsibility lies with the parents. Authoritative parents direct the activities of a rationally and in a manner thats issue-oriented. They do encourage verbal give and take, explains to their children the reasoning that accompanies the policies, and asks the childrens objections when they do not conform. The authoritative parent exerts firm control at points where he or she diverges with the child but also recognises a child's particular interests and ways (Kopko, 2007). Children raised under this style are bound to be autonomous, more responsible and socially competent. Under authoritarian parenting, parents are more controlling and display little warmth. Such parents are strict disciplinarians, and uses restrictive, punitive styles, and insists that the children follow their directions. No discussions are held between the parent and the children and family rules and standards are not debatable. The belief held by authoritarian parents is that children ought to accept, without question, the rules and practices that the parent establishes (Kopko, 2007: Baumrind, 1971). The main instrument for child discipline is threats and punishment. The parents attempts to shape, control and evaluate the childrens behaviours and attitudes according to an established set standard of conduct may lead to either rebellious or dependent children. Permissive parents are undemanding and also very warm. Parents are indulgent and passive, and they have a belief that giving in to the childrens wishes is a way of demonstrating love to them. They do not say no as they wouldnt want to upset their children. The result is that the children do make most of the decisions without the involvement of the parent. Under this style, parents perceive themselves as a resource which children may opt to seek their advice, and not as active participants in shaping the childs actions (Baumrind, 1967). Children brought up under this style often have difficulties in self-control and also exhibits egocentric tendencies. Lastly, uninvolved parents are neither warm nor do they exhibit any demands on the kids. The time in which the parents and children interact is quite is limited, and in other instances, they are uninvolved, with the risk of being neglectful. Such parents are indifferent to the childrens needs, whereabouts or experiences. These parents g ive minimal consideration to the child's input in decisions and often do not want to be bothered by them. As a result, children grow up to exhibit impulsive behaviours which are as a result of having issues with self-regulation. My Parents Parenting Style and its Impact on How Intelligence is Viewed/Valued at Home Brought up under authoritarian parenting style where the parents expectation was that as children we should adhere to a set rules, intelligence also had to be prescribed by the parent. Due to their dominating style and a great deal of control, whatever sphere that parent considered, as a child, that is what I had to develop. However, true to the multiple intelligence theory, there are multiple intelligences at home. So, whatever sphere that parent triggers is bound to nature a given intelligence. So, the parent ends up being right in choosing the capacity of intelligence that the children thrive. In most cases, it's more than one as the parent likewise expect the child to put in both qualitative and quantitative efforts to nature whatever sphere. References Baumrind, D. (1967). Diana Baumrinds (1966) Prototypical Descriptions of 3 Parenting Styles. Psychology, 37(1966), 19671967. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611 Baumrind,D. (1971).Current patterns of parental authority. Richmond, Va.: American Psychological Assn. Gardner,H. (1983).Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. Gardner,H. (1999).The disciplined mind: What all students should understand. New York: Simon Schuster. Gardner,H. (2006).Multiple intelligences: New horizons. New York: BasicBooks. Gardner,H. (2007).Five minds for the future. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Gilman,L. (2001). Human Intelligence: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20121125220607/www.indiana.edu/~intell/mitheory.shtml Haghighi, S., Zemestani, M., Samavi, S. A. (2013). Study of Emotional Intelligence from Childhood to Middle Age. Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 3(3), 189192. Katie Davis, Christodoulou, J., Seider, S., Gardner, H. (2011). The theory of multiple intelligences. The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, 2138(617), 485503. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648057 Kopko, K. (2007). Parenting Styles and Adolescents. Cornell Univesity Cooperative Extension, 18. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.100.3.731-745 McKenzie,W. (2005).Multiple intelligences and instructional technology. Eugene, Or: International Society for Technology in Education. Slavin,R.E. (2009).Educational psychology: Theory and practice. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon Publishers. Sternberg,R.J. (1987).Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence. Cambridge [u.a.: Univ. Press. Sternberg,R.J. (1988).The triarchic mind: A new theory of human intelligence. New York, N.Y.: Viking.

National Geographic Travelers Magazine analysis

Introduction The National Geographic Travelers is a magazine published by the National Geographic Society that enjoys free shipping in the USA. Usually, a magazine has five functional areas namely the administration, editorial, advertising, production and circulation. This paper analyzes the National Geographic Magazine Traveler business model in light of these five areas of practice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Geographic Travelers Magazine analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Functional areas In administration, the title ownership of the publication is independent even though it is part of a large group of publications by the National Geographic Society. The other related publication and electronic media by the same publisher include the National Geographic Kids, National Geographic Adventure and the National Expedition. The editorial part of this magazine reflects its mission statement which is ‘’to increase and diffuse knowledge while promoting conservation of the world’s cultural, historical and natural resources’’ (National Geographic Society 2). The magazine articles inspire people to care about plants, animals, geographic locations, cultures, science and technology (Loma Linda University 1). With the mandate of increasing and diffusing geographic knowledge, each part of the magazine seeks to accomplish that. The magazine has a very wide circulation and with monthly publications it is able to disseminate this information regularly. Travel and Culture section editors pick different places one can travel and highlight the location. They also provide tips needed when going to particular places and the top things to see. In addition, they give themed travels, for example, fall themed trips as well as cultural themed travel and tours. Photography section brings the places to the reader and it also has a section for photo contests where r eaders subscribe to win prices. This encourages people to travel more and conserve the beauty of the environment so that in many years to come the generations after them will enjoy the same. There are also photography seminars that offer advice on the whole scope of photography and this fulfils part of the mission statement â€Å"to increase knowledge†. Geographical locations featured in the magazine provide new information to the reader and the explorers’ chronicles provide the details needed to entertain and educate. The animals section mainly has features of wild animals and this makes it informative as readers learn how they affect the planet.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is also information on conservation of the endangered species; for example, there is a feature on the Virunga Gorillas that are decreasing rapidly in the DRC Congo forests. With the ongoing war, many have been poached leaving just a few (Waitt Foundation 2). The magazine is sold at a price of $15 for a yearly subscription and $71 for copies at the newsstand. Delivery is within the USA and Canada for C$ 24. However, the online magazine is free and is accessible on the National Geographic website which has over 6 million subscribers. The online version has over 16.5 million visitors per page and 4.2 million video views. The production function of the magazine shows that the paper size is 8†³ x 10  ½Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and employs a perfect binding method. The cover has a yellow rectangle which runs at the edges of the cover and this serves as the logo for television productions. There are various advertising opportunities in the National Geographic Travelers’ Magazine. The mission of the magazine is to empower the readers by educating, delivering award winning contents by use of state of the art communication equipment in an entertaining format. T he magazine also runs an online website that attracts over 16 million visitors every month. The website offers consumers with various contents including news, photos, documentaries, and maps. The website has several section s that attract different visitors who may want to view the Travel Cultures, Science Space, or the kids sections. The magazine has the following statistics based on viewers (visitors) and pages views. As indicated by Omniture (1); 16.5 Million Global visitors 6.5 Million in the US only 231 Million visits on the website’s pages 11.2 Pages average per individual visit 11.2 Average Minutes per individual visit 4.2 Million global video views Works Cited Loma, Linda University. National Geographic magazine features Adventist Health  Study. California: Lorna Linda University press, 2005. Print. National Geographic Society. National Geographic Travelers magazine. Web. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Geographic Travelers Magazine analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Omniture. â€Å"Advertise With Us.† National Geographic Travelers’ Magazine. Web. Waitt Foundation. Exploration and discovery. 2011. Web.11 Oct. 2011. This essay on National Geographic Travelers Magazine analysis was written and submitted by user Brogan Merritt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.