Mountain Man Brewing Company Essay

Problem Definition Mountain Man Brewing Company (MMBC) has enjoyed being in top position in premium beer segment for the past fifty years and are now facing a 2% decline in revenue whilst a change in leadership infuses new energy to bring a change in their product line. Chris Prangel, son of the retired president and owner of MMBC faces the challenge of successfully implementing a marketing strategy to introduce a ‘light’ beer; in a growing beer segment, as maintaining status-quo would no more be an option to sustain their existing position in marketplace in the next five years. Analysis Strengths Mountain Man Brewing Company was known as the â€Å"Best Beer in West Virginia† because of its flavor and distinctive bitter taste; additionally, it was selected as â€Å"America’s Championship Lager† at the American Beer Championship in 2005. Also, it had held the top market position in the lager market in West Virginia for almost 50 years. As a result, Mountain Man succeeded at the beer market by earning over $50 million and selling over 520,000 barrels of Mountain Man Lager beer within the West Central region. Mountain Man had high brand awareness, and it was especially recognizable among working-class males in the East Central region because of its product quality, positioning, and brand equity. In order to keep favorable relationship with its customers, Mountain Man had many branding activities. Hence, Mountain Man Brewing Company remained strongly in the beer market due to its strong brand loyalty as they capitalised on the ‘local’ factor. Weaknesses Mountain Man Brewing Company produced only one product, Mountain Man Lager, and distributed to only the West Central region with limited distributions. Moreover, Mountain Man targeted on only one segment, the blue-collar men who are mid-age and above. Although its core consumers love Mountain Man Lager, the market product preference had changed to light beer instead of traditional beer; therefore, Mountain Man Lager was rated very low as a purchasing preference. Unlike many other major beer producers, Mountain Man did not have any advertisement; in fact, it relied only on word of mouth. Mountain Man might not have enough money to launch Mountain Man Light that follows the modern trend. Opportunity Mountain Man can consider three possible opportunities, which increases potential consumers and gain revenues. Firstly, number of younger beer drinkers has been consistently increased and expected to positively influence the growth of the profits. Secondly, If Mountain Man launches light beer category, it may reach younger drinkers who both show positive attitudes towards light beer and brand awareness of Mountain Man itself. The likability of younger drinkers toward the light beer will optimistically affect the MMBC’s revenue ( Exhibit 1). Lastly, by expending product lines, product and distributors may build stronger beneficial relationship with brewers. Threats One of the threats Mountain Man Brewing Company faced was the declining overall beer consumption per capita by 2.3% since 2001 in United States of America. According to the case, the declining consumption is attributed to the competition from wine and spirit-based drinks, an increase in federal excise tax, initiatives encouraging moderation and personal responsibility, and increasing health concerns. Furthermore, categorising Distributors might also be a threat to this company because they became more cautious as they could refuse to work with small brands that have low margins and turnover. The increasing number of large breweries is also a challenge the company in the market to remain profitable; smaller companies are put on pressure to stay in the beer market. Alternatives 1. Introducing Mountain Man ‘Light’: If Chris goes ahead and launches a beer less strong than the premium lager beer using Mountain Man’s brand name as ‘Mountain Man Light’, it would result in increase in revenues as they would be entering into a growing light beer market segment and the existing brand image might help them reduce advertising costs. However, this move will make them lose their existing customer’s loyalty, along with product cannibalization, brand erosion and might not be perceived well by the existing customers as well their target customers. 2. Introducing Light Beer by some other name: Choosing a new brand name for the light beer has a slight edge over choosing Mountain Man Light. As discussed in the case, there is a chance of the company losing its identity when they are in midst of other light beers such as Coors Light. Creating a brand identity would be difficult as customers might not find it easy to recognize yet another beer which ends with ‘Light’. In addition to the benefits in the first alternative, creating a new brand name for the light beer would make sure there is no brand dilution or cannibalization. However there could be additional advertising costs and they cannot leverage the existing strong brand name. Recommendations I would recommend to go ahead with the second alternative of not naming the light beer as Mountain Man Light and to give a different name as it targets a younger population who look for healthier beer drinking by consuming fewer calories while maintaining the same level of alcohol intake. Brand Identity: Creating a brand identity for a new product would be challenging. However, a growing market segment would always be on the lookout of new products and this might work in favor to MMBC. To distinguish the light beer from other competitors they will have to come up with a creative tag line for their beer. Target Market: Based on the given statistics it appears that customers of the age group between 21 and 27 are the highest percentage of people who would favor light beer. They should amend their marketing campaigns to suit this new target market. Promotion: MMBC should concentrate on making their promotion campaigns more effective. They must promote light beer in pubs, discos and night clubs. The light beer segment is in growth stage of the product life cycle which indicates soaring sales, increasing revenues, and growing consumers. To make full use of it an effective marketing campaign spanning across different media must be undertaken.

McCarthyism’s Connection to Crucible Essay

During the 1940s to the 1950s, McCarthyism took its way, ruining innocent people lives through false the accusations of being affiliated in Communism. The innocent people that were accused and not found guilty couldn’t return back to their normal lives. One of the people that were trialed was Arthur Miller, author of The Crucible. Miller didn’t take this lightly and felt that something had to be done, so he wrote The Crucible connecting the McCarthy trials with the Salem witch trials. There were numerous relations of the Salem witch trials and McCarthyism, but there were three that stood out the most. During the McCarthy trials and Salem witch trials, innocent people endured the scare factor which brought out strange behavior, the accused couldn’t go back to their regular lives, and the accused had to endure the harsh interrogations. In The Crucible and during McCarthyism, it was prudent to go by the expectations that society presented or one may run the risk of having their reputation flawed. In The Crucible, Abigail and few other girls were discovered dancing in the woods by Rev. Parris. When Rev. Parris discovered this he couldn’t let it go, because during those times if you had time to dance then you had time to read the Bible. Innocent U.S. Government officials lost their jobs to be suspected of being Communist by McCarthy so he may move up the political ladder. During McCarthyism and Salem witch trials, the smallest evidence was used to make their accusations. In The Crucible and McCarthy trials, both include the faulty accusations and harsh interrogations that were placed on innocent citizens. During the time of McCarthyism, people lives were monitored by the government to reveal any unusual behaviors that may be considered Communist. Much of the evidence that was used was pulled out of someone’s file that may have been ten years old. In The Crucible, Proctor was thought of being affiliated with witchery for not coming to church in a couple of weeks. Proctor didn’t come because of his wife’s illness, but even this excuse wasn’t enough to get him in the clear completely. The wild accusations of the McCarthy trials and in The Crucible, created a stir within both societies that caused people to alter their lifestyles in hopes of not being noticed. The Red Scare of McCarthyism was focused in the government system and it stood for such a long time with support from people due to the anxiety of Communists being in the U.S. In The Crucible, nearly  one hundred people were trialed and found guilty of witchery in on year. Giles Corey accused his wife because she was reading a book other than the Bible. The anxiety of the fear that his wife may be a witch brought him to the court to plea his belief. The fear factor, strict expectations of society, and reputations being ruined were factors that made living during McCarthyism and the Salem witch trials nearly impossible to not become involved. Everyone during those times, presented a fear of the witch hunts that caused them to accuse people they have known for years, which kept these trials stable. No one could escape the witch hunts, and those whom did were lucky to not have had their lives ruined and banned from any jobs and spending time with your family. Both periods of time share the regret and unfortunate events that innocent people had to endure.

Literacy as foundation for lifelong learning Essay

Literacy is a fundamental human right and the foundation for lifelong learning. The innovation of writing is one of mankind’s useful creations, it is more than the ability to read and write it’s also the ability to understand what you’re reading and what makes sense in what you’re writing. A person who cannot read and understand sentences, which cannot interpret and cannot write, is called an illiterate person. Illiteracy is the inability to read and write. Literacy makes a person more confident, ambitious and successful in life. Persons with a good education tend to be more confident and ambitious than those who are illiterate. Literacy is thought to have first emerged with the development of numeracy and computational devices. It increases job opportunities and access to higher education; it helps in the economic growth and development of a country. Increases Vocabulary Reading increases your vocabulary, it help persons to learn new words and improves their spelling, the more you read, the more words you gain exposure to and they will inevitably make their way into your everyday vocabulary. Reading also helps in your talking skills. It helps you understand different ways of life and expands your imagination. Stress Reduction A well-written novel, play or newspaper will distract you and keep you in the present moment, letting tensions drain away and allowing you to relax. Reading is a wonderful source of pleasure for many people, and can provide a healthy escape from routine. Mental Stimulation Reading helps to keep the brain active, us like every other muscles in the body, and the brain requires exercise to keep it strong and healthy. Reading prevents the brain from Alzheimer’s and Dementia. Better writing skills This goes hand-in-hand with the expansion of your vocabulary: exposure to published, well-written work has a noted effect on one’s own writing, as observing the cadence, fluidity, and writing styles of other authors will invariably influence your own work. Tranquility In addition to the relaxation that accompanies reading a good book, it’s possible that the subject you read about can bring about immense inner peace and tranquility. Reading spiritual texts can lower blood pressure and bring about an immense sense of calm, while reading self-help books has been shown to help people suffering from certain mood disorders and mild mental illnesses.

Inscriptive Restorations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inscriptive Restorations - Essay Example According to Trethewey, societal aspects that most individuals consider insignificant and take for granted are the ones that stand out as motivators of her passion. Trethewey uses Sontag quotes to demonstrate that photography is a cruel practice. She explains the ordeal poets experience to search for substance from their lives and pain of other peoples lives During the interview, Natasha recalls her grandmother as her role model and inspiration to her life (Trethewey and Petty 1024). She hails women for playing a role in adding influencing the passion and dedication in her work as a poet. Natasha further reveals that her life revolved around traditional setting where she lived with chicken. Nevertheless, she also counts herself as a modern woman who lived by the highway 49. Natasha also makes it known that she is an independent woman. It is noteworthy that, during the entire interview, Natasha fails to address the plight of blacks who are the major victims in the photographic environments. One of the issues standing out clearly from the essay is racial segregation. Rowell talks about black people who stand in isolation as white people take their photographss. In addition, Natasha also claims that three the black people’s gauzes, she is able to realize the attachment she has with them. The second thing that stands out in the essay is support and inspiration. Natasha recalls the role that her grandmother played in shaping her career and making her a responsible woman in the society. Finally, modernity versus tradition is another aspect that stands out in the essay. Trethewey recounts that she belong to â€Å"old timely.† She makes claims that she belong to a community that to date still plays marbles that contained pig rooting, particularly under house. Trethewey memorizes how she lived in a society where people still kept cattle in their yards and

The Implications of American Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Implications of American Outsourcing - Essay Example Over the years the American economy has taken a drastic turn for the worse, especially in the realm of job sustainability. In a study conducted by the University of California, "14 million white-collar jobs are vulnerable to being outsourced offshore" (Roberts, 2005). These include jobs requiring a high-level of skill including "information technology, accounting, architecture, advanced engineering design, news reporting, stock analysis, and medical and legal services" (Roberts, 2005). According to another study done by EconEdlink, America's unemployment rate has increased alarmingly since 2001, after having experienced a period of substantial lows throughout the mid-90s. After that the unemployment rate remained somewhat steady, with a spiked increase between 2003 and 2004 followed by occasional yet not extremely noteworthy decreases. (See Figure 1 & 2 for a visual depiction of this phenomenon). How can outsourcing be justified in the face of such figures To make matters worse, many of the persons displaced by outsourcing are those who have spent a great deal of time, money and energy at colleges or other academic institutions trying to acquire specialized skills. When education can no longer offer assurance for an individual's financial future, "the value of the investment in training, and in the individual, to promote growth in America's society, and economy, is diminished" (Torrance, 2006). In fact, it is not too uncommon to hear IT graduates mumble about how there are so few jobs available because the jobs they were trained to do are now being exported (Torrance, 2006). Consequently, professional workers affected by outsourcing must consider either negotiating lower wages or changing their vocation completely. The former option seems unrealistic especially considering "businesses who are outsourcing can set a minimum wage in developing countries that would never be accep ted as a minimum wage in America" (Torrance, 2006). The latter option only exists as long as there are industries that are willing to do business primarily in the United States. If other companies also believe outsourcing will improve their profitability, then where can the American worker turn Outsourcing proponents argue that even though outsourcing may take a few jobs away initially, in the long run it will put more money in America's pocket by lowering the cost of consumer goods and services. It will help create a sector of jobs more reliant on management and creativity than a fulfillment of 'worker-ant' responsibilities. All of this could be true as long as some form of employment remains available for Americans to earn money for spending. However, if everyone outsources it will get to the point that reduced costs won't matter because Americans simply won't have the money to

Should We Expand Our Support of Literacy Programs for Homeless Essay

Should We Expand Our Support of Literacy Programs for Homeless Children - Essay Example There are several causes of homelessness, such as domestic violence, economic hardships and war. Homelessness is bad because it creates chaos and instability in the family and threatens development of children. Researchers have found that homeless children are mostly made to forego literary and language opportunities. It is known in this context that disruption in educational development and stressed family relationships can lead to severe adversities in a child’s later learning environment (Duffield and Lovell, 2008). Communities are now beginning to realize that while addressing the issue of homelessness, it is not merely enough to resolve problems relative to food and shelter. It is imperative to provide children with literary support through which they can get over with the challenges of coping with homelessness. Research has also shown that in general, homeless children stand higher chances of suffering from health and psychological problems and developmental issues and g enerally demonstrate poor performance in school as compared to other children having permanent housing (US Department of Education, 2011). It is for these reasons that society must expand support of literacy programs for homeless children. Main Body Because of homelessness, children are put at strong risks of poor health. Research has indicated that as compared to children having permanent homes, homeless children stand four times more chances of being in poor health. Such children are two times more likely to visit emergency medical centers and to be deprived of the normal immunizations that are necessary for children. Moreover, homeless children have to often go without food and it is because of these reasons that these children perform poorly in academics. Homeless children get poor results in schools because they have to under go immense turmoil and are at constant risk of being shifted from one school to another, in addition to being made to skip school for an indefinite number of days because of the need to meet their basic family needs. It has been established through research that mobility has a devastating impact on children’s achievements and that it significantly reduces such children’s chances of graduating from high school. Schools are known to provide support to homeless children but they continue to face some unique hurdles in education such as not being able to comply with enrollment conditions relative to proof of residence, guardianship, health records etc. They often change their residences frequently, resulting in unstable schooling and continuity in education. These children are considerably constrained because of lack of transport facilities, inadequate clothing and school supplies, hunger, fatigue and poor health. Mostly, these difficulties for homeless children are not addressed and they are not able to attend school, which prevents them from getting an education that is supposed to be guaranteed by law (Iowa Department of Education, 2004). If initiatives are taken by schools to address the needs of homeless children, a sanctuary of support and stability can be created for them. They can be provided opportunities in acquiring skills needed to rise above poverty and to maintain a sound household as

Leadership and Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and Management - Term Paper Example On the other hand, the essence of leadership is to  bring  a change in peoples’ lives. Leaders might not have any  formal  authority  to do yet they maintain cordial  relationships with  people  and give credit where it is due. By doing this, they acquire a referent power (McConnell). Although, they are  good  with people, they have to  maintain  their remoteness to keep the  charisma  of  leadership  alive.  This somehow makes their work easy because remoteness gives them  opportunity  to ponder upon things, and  come  up with  great  ideas that encourage people to accomplish their tasks.  A leader has an  immense  impact on an  organization  because he is the  one who motivates people to  work, encourages them to  do  better than before, makes them look at the positive sides of things and indirectly contributes in the productivity of an organization. Steve Jobs comes to mind when one thinks of  leadership  t hat took an organization to soaring heights of success.  His  leadership  proved exemplary when he was fired from the  company that he founded  and instead of complaining about his loss, he started ‘Next’ which Apple Computers Inc.  ultimately  acquired.  His  perseverance  and innovation makes him a  phenomenal  leader  and his  company  an epitome of perfection. Another  great  leader who had a  vision, who believed that failures give us an opportunity to learn, who said when  you  strive for something big, there are people who will  ridicule  and try to  tear  dreams  apart, but audacity  will  decide  how long will one  go is none other than Bill Gates. An important mantra of Bill Gates is that success must never reach the head. No matter how high  you  go, there is always  chance  to learn more.  Bill Gates  showed  a  new  aspect  of  leadership  that it is not necessary to lead, mot ivate and guide others but first  lead  yourself, make yourself capable enough to make others  follow  you  voluntarily. People often  consider  management and  leadership  as  same, but a few differences separate the two. A  manager  typically takes care of what one is doing, whereas a leader motivates one to  do  something  new  (Linda K. Stroh, Neale and Langlands). A  manager  seeks short-term objectives, whereas a  leader  has long-term vision in his mind. A manager makes an employee do things where as a leader guides him to  achieve  it.  A  manager’s  concern  is to be right whereas, a leader tries to  know  what is  right.  For example, the military has to manage its assets  well  to exploit its  efficiency  however, at the time of war, the  military’s significant  duty  is to win the war regardless of assets required.  At that moment,  only a  good  leader can  mould  the sit uation in his favor and achieve victory.  Management  will not  work  here because it uses  long processes and analyses to reach a decision. Manger gives people money to  work,  on the other hand,  a  leader  gives them  excitement  and support.  A  manager  will only try to find out solutions whenever he confronts a problem but, a leader will try to  hear  the  noise  behind silence and  create  questions to  identify  the cause of the problem. I disagree with the idea that all managers are leaders because

What Caused the 1973 Arab-Israeli War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

What Caused the 1973 Arab-Israeli War - Essay Example The war also christened the Yom Kippur war as it was started on the eve of the day of prayers and fasting. (Yom Kippur). Yom Kippur is a holy day according to the Jewish religion when special prayers are conducted in the presence of fasting. Israel, with Golda Meir as the prime minister was attacked by Egypt that was led by Anwar Sadat. This war was joined by other Arab nations fighting with the Egyptians and included the Syrians, Lebanon and Kuwait (Aruri, 1975). In October 1973, Egypt made real its threats and attacked the Israeli troops within the Suez Canal and beyond. The Syrians attacking the west bank and other regions bordering it followed this. With these surprise attacks, one the longest Middle East wars began, recording one of the highest fatalities ever recorded. This war attracted the interest of other superpowers like the United States and the Soviet Union, further escalating its course and impacts. The United States, though declining to participate actively in the war, sent military support and intelligence to Israel. The Soviet Union reacted by sending its troops and military support to both Egypt and Syria, a factor which prolonged the duration of the war (Aruri, 1975). In this paper, the Yom Kippur war of 1973 will be evaluated to provide an empirical analysis of the events that occurred prior to the war. The sole purpose of this evaluation is to highlight descriptively the events that led to the beginning and progression of the war. The paper will thus analyze each cause into detail providing practical examples, actions and reactions and how each eventually propagated the war. Conflicts over control of Palestine Palestine, an Arab nation that borders Israel and other Arab nation was created after the Palestine liberation organization movement in 1967. This movement created an Arabic peninsula that was meant to house the Arabic Palestine, a move that was resisted by Israel. Israel in the first place was created after the ratification of the Un ited Nations agreement in 1945, thus creating a nation in areas that was inhabited by other Arabs (Bickerton, 2009). Palestine was therefore a major cause of the Arabic-Israel war of 1973 as the countries were fighting to regain control of Palestine from Israel. Israel gained control of Palestine following the six-day war of 1967 in which he fought his neighbouring Arabic nations to gain control over Palestine. Israel also captured the areas of the Golan Heights that was initially controlled by Syria before the 1967 war (Daigle, 2012). Apart from capturing these areas, Israel also captured the areas of the west bank and east Jerusalem that was initially administered by Jordan. Following the war and Israel control of the prime areas under the control of the Arabic nations, tension grew among the countries and war was visibly inevitable. In the same year, united nation made a resolution in an attempt to quell the rising tension between the Arabian countries and Israel to avoid the pos sibility of war. In the resolution, the united nation asked Israel to withdraw from the areas she had seized such as the Gaza strip, the Golan area, the west bank and other areas controlled by Jordon (Daigle, 2012). In exchange for this action, the Arabic nations were to accept and recognize the independence of Israel and to restrain from infringing into its territorial boundaries in a manner that could provoke conflict. These resolutions by the United Nations were ignored by both sides of the divide and cross border attacks continued further straining the more volatile relations (Aruri, 1975). The Israeli-Palestine conflict

Are pheumatic tourniquets necesary for optium beneficts from knee Essay

Are pheumatic tourniquets necesary for optium beneficts from knee surgery - Essay Example s shown less drastically adverse results with working in conditions of limited blood loss being the most obvious benefit but with numerous disadvantages (Tang, Olesnicky & Heiskell 2013, p. 32). On the other hand, modern day knee surgery, employing pneumatic tourniquets in more than one million surgical cases in North America alone per year, is prone to risks presented by intra-operative and post-operative complications as well as operation-specific complications. Several studies have identified the pneumatic tourniquet as a significant factor for the increased risk of complications with regards to knee surgery (Krushell & Fingeroth 2007, p. 78). Although there are some advantages such as confining anaesthetics to an extremity, the most common risks are in the form of nerve injury, post-tourniquet syndrome, blood clots, infections and osteolysis (Walsh 2006, p. 711). Because of the risks that patients are exposed to during the use of pneumatic tourniquets in knee surgery, this paper will argue in support that pneumatic tourniquets are not necessary for optimum benefits from knee surgery by discussing their complications. The use of tourniquets, even the older, non-pneumatic versions, has been riddled with complications, sometimes fatal ones (Shemshaki, Laripiur & Jalalian 2010, p 683). Pneumatic tourniquets are used in knee surgery to primarily occlude the flow of blood in an extremity so as to establish a bloodless field in which surgery may be conducted. However, their increased use is also accompanied by the growing risk of incidents related to complications with pronounced physiological changes such as the base-acid imbalance caused by the application of pneumatic tourniquets and may result in pulmonary oedema. The physiological changes also induce transendothelial movement of polymorphonuclears. Most of the injuries that result from the application of pneumatic tourniquets are often pressure-related but may also be consequences of prolonged tourniquet time

Restoration of the Parks Ecosystems Research Proposal

Restoration of the Parks Ecosystems - Research Proposal Example Ecological restoration involves a deliberate move that is initiated to reinstate the lost and existing components of an ecosystem. Restoration of an ecosystem may become necessary if it has been mutilated, altered or destroyed because of direct and indirect human activities or a result of other natural factors Wildfires, flash floods, turbulent storms and volcanic eruptions have destroyed natural habitats of organisms to the point that the natural balance in the system is no longer exist. Although the original state of an ecosystem might be impossible to achieve, restoration should focus on trying to get to that condition. It is very important to note there are several factors hampering restoration efforts to the initial level, these include current constraint and some other factors that may change the restoration path. The initial level of an ecosystem hugely affected by human activity and other factors may be difficult or impossible to determine with accuracy (Maltby, 2008). The be st mechanism to build restoration efforts is by embarking on building of sufficient knowledge of the ecosystem. About the High Park This is a valuable and certainly unique environment in the city of Toronto, as it a host to numerous interactions of different organisms. Besides these organisms, millions of people visit the park every year, some come do jog, walk their dogs, play soccer, cycle and other outdoor activities and others just come to marvel at this beauty (Egan, Hjerpe and Abrams, 2011).  ... Fourth, the park consist of a total of 99 existing significant plant species with 4 provincially rare, 9 regionally rare and 86 locally rare plant species. Fifth, there are 250 migratory bird species and a host of 48 breeding bird species, about 6 butterflies of conservation concern, 19 species of mammals and 8 species of amphibians and reptiles. The park was established in the year 1873, it is one the heartbeat of Toronto life as it is the key to the daily lives of the residents of the city. This is the reason that makes it important to develop sufficient proposal to restore the park to its initial setting for people to use continually and the organisms to be hosted unharmed. This is because human activities in the park have lead to some organisms to be endangered and the degradation of organisms and certain locations of the park such as the ponds, the wetlands, forests and meadows, wildlife and creeks. Therefore, to restore the park for the future generations to benefit from and ma rvel at, it is important that restoration efforts of the park to be taken seriously and further be compliment by proper management and maintenance. This proposal aims at determining strategies and mechanisms that can be effectively applied to restore High Park’s ecosystems. Image 1: An aerial view of High Park showing massive human activities Adopted from http://www.toronto.ca/trees/HP_OakWoodland_Resotration.htm Formation of the High Park The area occupied by the park currently was composed of glaciers in the Ice Age; it owes its topography and soil to this period. Researchers insist that as warming began, the melting glaciers started to move to the north of the country, resulting in the formation of a lake, which is very

Emphysema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emphysema - Essay Example revention, there already had been 12, 790 deaths recorded in the United States only in the year 2007 caused by emphysema alone, while 3.8 million adults were diagnosed with the disease in the year 2008 (â€Å"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary,† 2010). As emphysema affects people, this paper aims to increase the readers’ knowledge on what it is, its signs and symptoms, treatments, and other issues surrounding it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Emphysema is one form of COPD in addition to chronic bronchitis. It is chronic as it is develops as a result of â€Å"many years of assault on lung tissues from cigarette smoke or other toxins that pollute the air† (Lewis, 1999, p. 1). The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society (2004) define it as â€Å"the presence of permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis† (p. 8). Naturally, the lungs have defenses such as macrophages and other free-roving cells that protect it from foreign particles that could impair its natural functions of breathing and oxygenation. However, this protection from the invading particles is only limited (Boyce, 1997, p. 80). Continued smoking or exposure to polluted air, the main risk factors of emphysema, cause the particles to â€Å"tend to stay in the lungs and can cause lung damage† by scarring or forming fibrosis resulting to air sac walls being destroyed leading to COPD and other lung diseases (Crowley, 2010, p. 379; Boyce, 1997, pp. 80-81). Some reports providing link between the developments of emphysema after dental treatments have also started to appear (Gamboa-Vidal, Vega-Pizarro, & Almeida-Arriagada, 2007). Nonetheless, further studies to support such claims are still suggested. In continuation, the function of the substance elastin that allows flexibility in lungs becomes impaired with smoking habits and exposure to air pollutants (Parkinson, 2007, p. 22). The release of substance

Analysis of No Exit and Existentialism Essay Example for Free

Analysis of No Exit and Existentialism Essay No Exits central themes of freedom and responsibility come from Sartres doctrine that existence precedes essence. Sartre believed that a being-for-itself differed from inanimate objects, or a being-in-itself, since humans have the ability to choose and define their individual characteristics. But with this freedom of choice comes the absolute responsibility for ones action. The fear and anxiety of this responsibility leads many people to ignore both their freedom and their responsibility by letting other people make their choices for them, resulting in bad faith. This bad faith is what causes Garcin to be unable to leave the room when the door opens. He cant handle the responsibility of confronting his decision to flee his country, and thus leaves it up to Inez to judge him and define his essence. Similarly, Estelle does not think that she exists unless she looks in a mirror, seeing herself as others do. When Inez pretends to be her mirror and says Estelle has a pimple on her face, Estelles bad faith causes her to accept someone else literally creating her essence. Both Estelle and Garcin are not only condemned to be free, but are willing to condemn themselves in order to avoid being free. This emphasis on bad faith establishes Sartres underlying argument of the play: Hell is other people. Using only three people and an empty room, Sartre evokes scenes of utter torture and despair. Garcin and Estelle refuse to let go of their pasts, each looking at their friends and loved ones back on earth. They attempt to justify their existence by only thinking about their past experiences: as Garcin explains, his fate is the evaluation of his past actions by other people. Inez however, sees her past as meaningless and inaccessible, choosing to exist in the present instead. Inez is the only character in the play intent on confronting both her responsibility and her suffering.

Calamity Recuperation System

Calamity Recuperation System 1.Overview SanGrafix (party B) will give XXXX (party A) with the XXXX calamity recuperation system arranging and usage extend. The administration arrangement gave by party B contains the accompanying: IT the present state of affairs review Feasibility investigation of the calamity recuperation system design Technology investigation and arrangement definition Testing arranging and coordination of key advancements Implementation administration and support of the fiasco recuperation system Training and information exchange Following the Contract Law of State, party A and party B achieve a concurrence on the announcement of work (SOW) in view of the guideline of intentional shared balance and advantage. The SOW characterizes the administrations gave by party B to party A, deliverables, and obligations of both sides. Moreover, the SOW additionally ensures the smooth execution of the venture and records the limitations that must be centered on during the venture execution prepare. Unless generally expressed, terms in the SOW are characterized as takes after: Party A: Indicates XXXX. Party B: Indicates SanGrafix Co., Ltd. Both sides: Indicate XXXX and SanGrafix Co., Ltd. Principle contract: Indicates the interview benefit contract marked by both sides. SOW: Indicates the discussion benefit SOW marked by both sides. Administrations: Indicate the administrations that must be given by party B to finish the venture in light of the terms in the primary contract. 1.1Â  Purpose In light of the hazard examination and BIA, party B might break down disaster recovery prerequisites of party As data systems and detail appropriate and powerful disaster recovery approaches to direct the subsequent disaster recovery system development. The BIA is composed of the following steps: Arrangements for disaster recovery association development of information systems: As indicated by the advancement procedures and genuine states of party A, proposes an association design for reaction to crises of information systems, comprehends the position levels of proprietors, and gives rules to future arrangement improvement and crisis administration. Policies for disaster recovery ability development of information systems: By considering the BIA result and real states of party A, characterizes disaster recovery development levels of information systems in the generation focus and the range and asset pointers for building the intra-city disaster recovery focus and in addition gives rules to creating specialized arrangements. Policies for the disaster recovery procedures of information systems: As indicated by the aftereffects of BIA and hazard examination and in addition advancement procedures and genuine states of party A, decides the recovery needs, RTO, and RPO of information systems in case of a startling disaster or crisis and gives rules to future arrangement improvement and crisis administration. Policies for keeping up and dealing with the disaster recovery focus: By breaking down the improvement procedures and genuine states of party An and arrangements for disaster recovery system development, proposes an OM structure of the disaster recovery focus and gives rules to future OM system development in the disaster recovery focus. 1.2Â  Service Scope In this stage, the work substance incorporate definition of strategies for developing a disaster reinforcement system in the intra-city disaster recovery focus of party An, arrangements for crisis taking care of and disaster recovery procedures, and approaches for disaster recovery OM. 1.3 Responsibilities of Party A Provides proposals on disaster recovery strategies. Arranges and facilitates significant work force and gives records, methodology, and applicable documentation to party B. Provides comfort to party B to direct examinations and meetings. Facilitates and orchestrates the calendar of respondents and applicable faculty. Confirms the disaster recovery targets including the recovery scope, succession, RTO, and RPO of IT systems. Confirms the suggested disaster recovery development mode. Confirms the suggested advancements. Confirms the arrangement related issues that should be settled. 1.4 Responsibilities of Party B Understands the business conditions, future advancement arranging, disaster recovery arranging, and strategies of party A. Provides recommendations on the disaster recovery strategies to party A in light of the BIA result and national and mechanical controls. Outputs a disaster recovery arrangement report of information systems inside a predetermined period in light of the administrations in the agreement. Communicates with party A and affirms the proposals on disaster recovery arrangements. Modifies and enhances the arrangement archives in view of the survey remarks of party A. 2.System Description The main purpose of the BIA is to prepare sanGrafix for any kind of threat Business continuity policy is just another term for backup. Running a company without backup is not a smart move in business industry. Our business continuity plan should contain a comprehensive roadmap to restore any information during any disaster. Copies of the plan will be sent out to all important personals so that the services are never threatened. Complete analysis of all the possible threats to the company. Company response to the threat will because of both type of threat and extent of the threat. All SanGrafix sites and online storages are expected to implement preventive measures to minimize network failure. 2.1 Assignment of Service Responsibilities Service Content Service Description Responsibility of Party A Responsibility of Party B Discussion on disaster recovery policies Discusses the business status quo, future development planning, disaster recovery planning, and policies with party A. Providing assistance Taking the main responsibility Suggestions on disaster recovery policies Provides suggestions on the disaster recovery policies to party A based on the BIA result and national and industrial regulations. Providing assistance Taking the main responsibility Disaster recovery policy report output Outputs a disaster recovery policy report. Taking all responsibilities Report review Reviews and confirms the disaster recovery policy report. Taking all responsibilities 3Definition of a Disaster Recovery System Architecture and Technical Solution 3.1 Service Objectives To guarantee smooth development of the disaster reinforcement system of party A, specialists of party B might join necessity investigation result, disaster recovery strategies, and development wanting to help party An arrangement the design of the intra-city disaster recovery system and technical courses. In light of the technical courses affirmed by both sides and general engineering configuration, party B should refine the intra-city disaster recovery arrangement, give item designs, and compute harsh costs. 3.2Service Content Disaster recovery engineering outline and technical course detailing: By considering disaster recovery strategies, pointers, (for example, the RTO and RPO) in the development arranging, and current system states of party A, specialists of party B should outline an intra-city disaster recovery system engineering and examine, assess, and test standard advancements to plan itemized technical courses and approaches. The technical courses cover the information replication innovation, organize engineering, standby preparing system, and handling capacities. In the wake of talking about and affirming the general arranging and general technical course with party An, experts of party B might refine the intra-city disaster recovery arrangement. Technical arrangement refining: In light of the former arranging and technical courses, experts of party B might build up a propelled, proficient, and appropriate intra-city disaster recovery arrangement. The arrangement covers the IT system investigation, information replication system arrangement, reinforcement handling system arrangement, and reinforcement organize system arrangement. Requirements for reinforcement system preparing abilities: Involve classifications of administrations that can procedure exchanges, number of exchanges that are finished inside unit time, outer applications and their transmission capacity, branches and their transfer speed, exchange strategies and abilities of reproductions, effect on the exchange abilities of the generation system, and different capacities, for example, testing and information inquiry. Requirements for reinforcement system recovery capacities: Involve impromptu occasions that can be taken care of and their sorts, recovery benefit sorts, recovery strategies, honesty of recouped information, and time required for administration recovery. Requirements for reinforcement system security: Involve physical security, information security, and staff security. Requirements for routine administration of the reinforcement system: Involve checking modes, change operation modes, recovery operation modes, technical bolster modes, and abilities. Suggestions on basic items and designs: Involve brands of basic items, models, and nitty gritty setups of system gadgets, hosts, and capacity gadgets (that meet marker prerequisites in the technical arrangement arranging). 3.3 Service Scope The work substance of detailing an intra-city disaster recovery arrangement cover IT foundation getting ready for the disaster recovery focus and plan of the information replication and reinforcement system, standby handling system, standby system, and system security. 3.4 Responsibilities of Party A Specifies a venture supervisor and approves the venture chief with adequate human asset allotment rights. The venture director is in charge of affirming the execution of each undertaking and passing on messages in the venture usage handle. Arranges engineers who know about big business IT information system designs to take an interest in the discussion extend. The members must be proficient faculty in various fields, including system engineers, arrange engineers, application designers, and database heads of party A. Participates (technical work force of party A) in adequate exercises in the conference extend so that the arrangement can better meet client prerequisites and information can be exchanged. These exercises incorporate different trainings, dialogs, and gatherings. Attaches (pioneers of party A) significance to conference work and completely bolsters the meeting members. Reviews and affirms the arrangement of party B. 3.5 Responsibilities of Party B Designs a disaster recovery system engineering by examining necessities, strategies, and qualities of mechanical disaster recovery models. Formulates technical courses for disaster recovery by examining prerequisites for disaster recovery levels of use systems, disaster recovery pointers, and standard disaster recovery advances. Designs an asset setup answer for the disaster recovery focus in light of the technical courses and current IT asset arrangements of party A. Outputs the underlying draft of the disaster recovery arrangement, submits it to party A for audit, and updates it in light of survey remarks of party A. Business Continuity Sprint Business. (2017). Sprint Business. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from https://business.sprint.com/solutions/business-continuity/?ECID=sem%3Aggl%3A20170303%3ADWASearch%3ANB%3AB2B%3APhrase%3ABusinessContinuity Business Continuity Plan. Ready.Gov. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from https://www.ready.gov/sites/default/files/documents/files/BusinessContinuityPlan.pdf Shinder, D. (2017). 10 Things You Should Cover In Your Business Continuity Plan. TechRepublic. Retrieved from http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-things-you-should-cover-in-your-business-continuity-plan/

The Concept Of Spirituality Sociology Essay

The Concept Of Spirituality Sociology Essay That Religion has both a positive and negative effect on human behaviour is widely accepted (Batson, Scoenrade and Ventis, 1993; Paloutzian and Park, 2005; Zinnbauer and Pargament, 2005). Psychology has an important role in understanding the basis of belief, experience and behaviour, (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003), which suggests that how it is taught and how power is apportioned should be carefully considered particularly if, as suggested, religions are authoritative spiritual traditions. Despite clear importance and contradictory effect on human behaviour religion remained a fringe research area for the first seventy five years of the 21st Century and furthermore it was nonexistent in the research activity of Psychology between 1930 and 1960 (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003; Gorsuch, 1988). A suggestion for the non evolution of the study of religion suggests that the emerging new science wanted to distance itself from its philosophical fathers and their occasional radical theories about religion, in all its forms were not necessarily compatible with the modernist scientific paradigm that was emerging (Gorsuch, 1988; Hood, Hill and Spika, 2009). In addition Emmons and Paloutzian, (2003) commented on their tendency to avoid taboo subjects. Despite the fact that religion was ignored by psychologists, societys changing attitude towards religion has been cited as having occurred concurrently with two historical events. Durkheim date claimed that both the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution which also marked the rise of democracy and personal freedom, instigated the breaking down of the social classes which governed religion thus leading to the new society questioning of blind faith, (cited in Pals, 1996). The hippie era which emerged in the 1960s opened up new possibilities to a rebellious youth that initiated a societal turn to new age thoughts. Roberts (2004) suggested this to be a secularisation in the evolution of religion, since the pre-industrial age had been a period when religion was regulated by governing bodies, whilst the industrial era featured a religious comparison with other organisation and finally the post industrial era marked identification as spiritual rather than religious. The post indust rial age also marked the establishment of religion as a personalise system of meaning which suggests this was the beginning of a transformation of religiousness; however, the scientific establishment had not transformed its views of religion and spirituality. McPhillips (2002) considers this return to spirituality in the form of new age and religion as a reaction by society to secularisation and a societal search for re-enchantment which has been lost through individualism. However spirituality is still being viewed from the western perspective and does not explain the transformation of what is practiced. Furthermore it also assumes that eastern religions which are newly practiced in the west retain the same original meaning and are expressed and practiced the same as by the original practitioners. When the study of religion did re-merge in the 1960s with a new group of researchers their prime interest was prejudiced behaviour rather than religious behaviour it marked the rise of th e measurement paradigm which became the main method of study of religion. Problems do exist with the study of religions and spirituality. Gorsuch, (1988) suggested research in religion is at high risk of personal distortion. The lack of development demonstrates that the study of Religion has been socially managed, which indicates that politics are a factor, implying that the study remains in the realm of imperialism despite the general consciousness moving on as suggested by Durkheim (date cited in Pals, 1996). The effect of a personal agenda is again indicated through the resistance to the addition of spirituality within the title of APA division 36 psychology of religion (div 36). Its rejection is not based on empirical evidence but rather a claim that spirituality is fashionable (APA div 36, 2005) and has not amassed the same large body of evidence that its religious counterpart has done and therefore did not duly desire any credit. However, the western concept of religion marginalises spirituality, which includes much older eastern religions but again without empirical evidence (Dubuisson, 2003). The fashionable term new age, which is often the banner under which spirituality is defined has in response to this emerging negative view, moved away from the use of new age according to Lewis, (1992) who further suggests that no new label should be found. A move away from the new age concept however could have both positive and negative effects on the study since it will allow the integration into spirituality of suitable forms of belief and experience however without the label they are difficult to locate . Interestingly Humanist psychology Div 32 puts a far greater emphasis on spirituality and bifurcates it from the supernatural, which it claims is the domain of religion (Elkin, 2001). Another key factor which needs to be considered when studying religion is a participants susceptibility to answer questions according to societal expectations or norms that is not only in relation to practices but also regarding personal experiences, (Batson, Scoenrade and Ventis, 1993). The study of religion became mainstream within psychology by the 1980s which was marked by a plethora of books being published however spirituality didnt emerge in mainstream research or in the title of any published books until the year 2005. Furthermore, Lewis (1992) suggests the overall consciousness of the general public has altered and this change has escaped the attention of psychologists who find it easier to conduct inventories within defined groups rather than addressing the general alteration of spiritual commo nsense ideas. This general change in the consciousness has led to a crossover of the distinction of what is practiced such as following a traditional religion and practicing yoga. Without taking this change into account inventories are flawed. However what one person defines and argues to be rational could be another persons irrationality, (Gorsuch, 1988) which is particularly important when considering these scales since the subjectivity of rationality is particularly true due to the complex nature of religion and spirituality. Furthermore as cited in Gorsuch, (1988) Colins (1986) suggests that a neutral objectivity of religion is difficult particularly since neutrality for some religions is regarded as being anti-religious. A further issue is that experience is also subjective and ill defined, (Hood, Hill and Spika, 2009). For some individuals it is considered to be out there and tangible whilst for others experience includes what actually occurs within the mind, (Reber and Reber, 2001). Gadamer defines being experienced as radically undogmatic The man knows that all foresight is limited and all plans uncertain. In him is realised the true value of experience. Further experience is defined as, openness to new experience and symbolic of a search for new knowledge lack of expectation of having attained ultimate knowledge. (Gadamer, Weinsheimer and Marshall, 1989 p351) In the past twenty five years the study of Religion has flourished (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003) and is often added as a defining variable in much empirical research, (Gorsuch, 1988). This is true particularly in relations to mental and physical wellbeing as Emmons and Paloutzian, (2003) suggest the applied areas of clinical, counselling and health have taken the lead in the study of links with religion which has instigated a move forward in the understanding of the importance of religious and spiritual behaviour in relation to physical and mental health. However the study of religion in relation to social psychology is relatively new (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003) since little is known about why or how people are religious or spiritual or about the criteria by which their choices are made and as a result the understanding of experience has not improved per se. The experimental approach assumes that social situations are always objective and concepts such as Religion, and religiousness are out-there waiting to be measured with religion as the umbrella term. Spirituality, which is considered more as an individual quest, is marginalised and considered to be associated in some unknown way to religion but it is far too subjective to be studied scientifically. Critical social psychologists however, suggest social constructs are always subjective even when a person is mindlessly acting according to stereotypical societal norms and heuristics, furthermore it is their claim that social norms have been purposefully created and are evolving throughout history (Stainton-Rodgers, 2003). Formalised religion requires group cohesion and cannot exist without society (Pals, 1996), and it was Freud (1927) who suggested that the individual is the enemy of society since society flourishes when individuals suppress their personal wishes which further indicates why spirituality is marginalised within traditional religions. The individual pursuit of religion is further criticised by the suggestion that the quest for spirituality outside the framework of religion is motivated by narcissism, (Hood, Hill and Spika, 2009) however, the humanist approach considers the innate core of religion to be the spiritual experience which is dressed up in the language and symbols of a culture or belief system (Elkins, 2001). Experimental researchers further claims that personality, attitudes and identities are stable and discourse is a true reflection of them. Even though a database search reveals more than 1000 papers relating to religion, it is rarely the focal point of the studies and often only one item measurement is used, (Gorsuch, 1988) which doesnt take religion seriously and rarely features in a review of the literature thereby suggesting even more un-quantifed research is available. Using ,the method of questionnaires the measurement paradigm created 125 inventories, (Hill and Hood, 1999) to define and classify religious aspects and activities with a view to understanding religion and spirituality more fully, however much confusion still remains and the number of different inventories furthers this confusion. Rather than consolidating existing research, researchers have devised new inventories instead of adapting old ones which suggests that each paper is based on a different definition of religion, (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003) therefore due to a lack of consensus there is an excessive amount of data available but virtually no theories have been formulated. Hill, (2005) suggests that no new scales should be created until greater clarity is understood. This range of scales has increased an understanding of conventional western religious behaviour, however an understanding of spirituality and experience can only have decreased since it is more subjective in natur e and when taking into account it more ancient origins. Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) observe that spirituality encompasses not only religiousness but also many other concepts of spirituality both formal and informal. What can be established from this lack of consensus is that an ultimate consensus is necessary or at least as Emmons and Paloutzian, (2003) suggests a minimum consensus however parameters maybe easier to establish. Further criticism that inventories have received is due to their narrow understanding of what religions experience entails, that they do not recognise unconventional practise which have been categorised as new age despite many such as Buddhism and Hinduism including yoga having much more ancient origins, not taking into account cultural differences or supernatural experiences which questionnaires cannot adequately measure. Belzen and Hood, (2006) have suggested a move away from the measurement paradigm. A new framework has been proposed the multilevel inte rdisciplinary paradigm which incorporates all levels of research from all domains, and promotes the acceptance of all data and for non reductive assumptions to be made, (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003). The theory behind this research stems from critical social psychology which considers concepts such as Religion, Gender and Sexuality as socially situated, which Faucault, (1971) suggested has been constructed by society through the use of regulations and technologies of the self which are used to self regulate. Durkheim (cited in Pals, 1996) in relation to society, called it mechanical Solidarity. This discursive approach was used by Edley and Whetherell, (1997) who explored the socially situated construction of masculinity. Through analysis a repertoire emerged of the new man however a reference point remained of traditional values also in the discourse suggesting them to be the master and slave while constructing their identity. James (cited in Stainton-Rodgers, 2003) suggested the self to be made up of the I self as knower and the Me self as known however another construct of the self, the inter-subjective self (Stainton-Rodgers, 2003) doesnt divide the self quite as simply as Ja mes, but incorporates what Mead (1927) called the reflective self. It considers the self to be subject to inter-subjectivity, made from the following elements; reflectivity (reflective on their own behaviours), connectedness (interrelated to others and society), intentionality (purposeful and strategic), being-in-the-world (constantly influenced socially and contextually) or as James suggested a dynamic flow of consciousness that is constantly being changed moment by moment. This dynamic self was explored in the transcripts of Diana Princess of Wales interview by Abel and Stokoe, (2001) who found she constructed an inner true self and outer royal self which were reconciled as an ambassador for the people however she constructed two selves in very different ways suggesting that the experimental inventory method of questionnaires cannot fully capture the nature of identity. Not only has the identity of self been deconstructed by critical psychologists but also the concepts used for membership categorisation such as religion, sexuality and gender, masculinity and feminism. Many suggest that the study of Religion and Spirituality is incompatible with the scientific method (Bateson, Schonrade and Ventis, 1993) however both incorporate the study of identity which critical psychologists also suggest is incompatible with the experimental method (Stainton-Rodgers, 2003) a first step however is to employ that which has been lacking to date, namely a universal unde rstanding of both religion and spirituality by either definition or set parameters. A discursive discussion of the definition and distinctions between religion and spirituality originated when, Starbuck (1899), defined spirituality as an instinct, whereas James (1902) considered religion in relation to pragmatics and defined religion and spirituality as institutional and personal religion respectively. Maslow (1976) the Humanist introduced similar descriptions, those being organised religion and personal spirituality however his approach suggested an innate human need rather than free will of behaviour. Maslow further considered spirituality to be naturalistic rather than super natural which is in contrast to the psychology of religion that regards spirituality as being focused on the un-measurable supernatural. A major feature of traditional religion is the following of teachings and a moral code however different forms of spirituality also have an intrinsic learning system (Lewis, 1992). Hall, (1904) considered religion more as a moral code and the facilitation of education of the young. Cognitive developmental research has suggested that children in keeping with Piagets stage theory have a concrete understanding of religion but not until the teenage years and more importantly, if ever, do humans develop an abstract symbolic understanding of religion, (Gorsuch, 1988) though there is very little research. In 1912 Leuba found 48 different definitions of religion (cited in Batson, Schoenrade and Ventis, 1993) with the diversity of religion and spirituality therefore it is not surprising that no single definition is in existence. Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) reviewed several definitions and call the situation a flux over meaning. In debate over the construction of spirituality Pargaments defines spirituality as Sacred (1999a 1999b) with Emmons and Crumpler, (1999) differentiating sacralisation as both an internal and external sanctification the internal being the transformation of persons to become holy and pure and external sanctification as that of places, people and objects with the emphasis still being placed on god and religion. McPhillips, (2002) considers the sacred to have been created due to a need for enchantment however it is still based on western practices. Furthermore, this taps into the gender debate since religion predominates with sacred masculinity of God, Jesus, Mohamed, Buddha, for example whereas spirituality incorporates that of a feminine energy, sacred goddess, or a divine mother. Lee (2000) who considered spirituality in relation to feminism cited Ferguson, (1995) who claimed women are alienated by a masculine dominated religion which however suggests that all religions and spirituali ty are engendered. However as Lee (2000) suggests when spirituality is considered within the feminine domain there is a susceptibility of merely reiterating the gender division rather than creating a rebalance. Spirituality however generally refers to both genders, Hinduism has both gods and goddesses and Buddhism refers to the un-gendered Buddha within. Stifoss-Hanssen, (1999) considered focusing spirituality on sacred to be more subjective than necessary and related more to an individuals personal definition of their religion rather than a general explanation implying that what is deemed sacred to one person, is not necessarily sacred to another. Stifoss-Hansen, (1999) claimed that Pargament, (1999) uses general terms intentionally to eliminate forms of spirituality which entirely exclude religion. Having disregarded the concept of sacred Stifoss-Hanssen (1999) argued spirituality as existential and related to meaning, placing spirituality as the more global term. Zinnbauer in, Zi nnbauer and Pargament, (2005) agreed with the global difference however defined and differentiated the search for the sacred by religion being within a traditional framework. However Pargament in the same paper remained with religion but considers spirituality as the search for the sacred and religion as a search for the significance in ways to sacred. Batson, Schoenrade and Ventis, (1993) proposed different definitions for function and substance. This split in the definition of function and substance implies that by defining and distinguishing between religion and spirituality an ideological dilemma exists between its use and content. Further examples of possible ideological dilemmas appear in Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) which they refer to as the rise of opposite and polarisation. The rise of spirituality (Hill et al, 2000; Zinnbauer and Pargament, 2005) religion is being described as substantive, static, institutional, objective, belief-based and bad and opposed to spirituality which is conceived as functional, dynamic, personal, subjective, experience-based and good. However this viewpoint maintains the imperialist, westernised concept of religion and spirituality as spirituality didnt necessarily rise, rather the scientific study of religion finally recognised spiritualities prior construction. Dubussion (2003) claims reli gion is a western invented concept, which influences the way religion is defined by constructing western religions as true and thus marginalising eastern religions which do not conform to the western ideal. Wulff (1997) suggested that what had occurred was a change of reference to religion from a verb to a noun. Religion has been defined by Reber and Reber, (2001) an institutionalised system of belief or traditional pattern of ritual and ceremony and is considered to have been devised due to the innate need to understand the human condition. This definition draws on the suggestion that religion is a belief based doctrine and implies any doctrine not only traditional western religious but any form of doctrine should be considered a religion, so a distinction between western Religion and Eastern spirituality is not suitable since many forms of spirituality also contain doctrines. Reber and Rebers, (2001) definition further conceives religion as a function of a meaning system which pla ces religion as a function of essentialism (Paloutzian and Park, 2005). Stifoss-Hanssen, (1999), however considers spirituality a function of a meaning system. Robert (2004) claimed the emerging American return to religion and the emergence of the new age is based on a new search for personal meaning rather than a general, implied and instructed societal meaning system which suggests that not all cultures are at the same evolutionary point with regard to understanding religion and spirituality. James (1902) highlighted the importance of context to meaning and suggested that experience rather than institution should be studied since institutions are a product of experience whereby suggesting a spiritual focus on substance rather than function. Furthermore Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) revised the possible distinction to religion as being reduced to its static function and spirituality as dynamic. However a search for meaning (function) does not indicate that the use of religion giv es meaning (substance) or what is eventually accomplished by experience is meaning. It may simply be that meaning is the idea that draws some participants in (function) and their experience (Substance) is something else or vice versa depending on the individual. Furthermore there is no evidence that the sole function of religion or spirituality is for the purpose of meaning or that as the Humanists assume, there is a need for meaning. Following on from the meaning system, Lewis (1992) suggests spirituality as a social and individual transformation however the transformation of both society and the individual may not solely have a spiritual basis since one may be affected by the other. Furthermore no one single model of transcendent reality can be chosen to define spirituality, (Reich, 2000) although transcendent reality can be defined as one concept which explains the experience of spirituality. In the UK the research on eastern spirituality is conducted by (BPS subsection) transpersonal psychology which draws on the humanistic aspects of the debate. Both transformation and transcendence focuses on the individual, which is another factor that often emerges in debate which could be considered as just one aspect of spirituality. Transpersonal psychology does however also incorporate the self help and mind, body and spirit concept which incorporates a how to concept which can still be considered a doctrine that would draw aspects of it closer to religion as opposed to spirituality. Furthermore religious experience could be suggested to also incorporate personal transformation (Lewis, 1992) this adds to the argument that both religion and spirituality have a learning focus. Other concepts emerge however within the debate connectedness (Emmons et al, 2003; Hill and Pargament, 2005; Paloutzian and Park, 2005; Pargament, 1999a; Reich, 2000; Stifoss-Hanssen,1999) is a major concept used to construct spirituality (Keisling et al, 2006; Knight, 2002; Lee, 2000; 2007; Lee and Marshall, 2002; Person, 2002) although what is connected is not so clear cut. Reich, (2000) suggested the connection to be to others, nature and a higher being whereas Lee (2000) found that participants in feminist spirituality constructed connectedness as to the feminine goddess however by connecting to the feminine it doesnt discriminate the possibility of other connectedness or claim that this form of spirituality was for everybody. There is also some use of oneness which is constructed as collective of many different forms. Lee and Marshall (2002) further propose links between spiritual oneness and popular cultures such as the rave scene of the 80s and DIY culture whereby lack of need for personal gain is constructed as spiritual enough however many other popular activities can be linked such as the sporting zone (Douillard, 2001) gifts such as music, writing and art which are often considered to occur with a connection to something else are often called a muse. The concept of religious instinct, that Paloutzian and Park, (2005) constructed as a compulsion, Lee and Marshall, (2002) suggest is the spiritual construction of instinct as a different kind of knowing which uses the vehicular body not just the mind and further as a way of connecting the body and mind and an initiation of transcendence and accessing embodied knowledge and connection to a universal energy (Lee and Marshall, 2002). Hinduism is a particularly good example of this construction together with its incorporation of yoga, as well as meditation within spirituality. Elkin, (2001) also claimed one of the characteristics of spirituality is a mysterious energy, Reich, (2000) called it a higher being and points out that in religion the higher being is god. Dubussion (2003) suggested everything religious to be defined as cosmographic formations which suggests connections through cosmic alignment. Traditional and non-traditional Religions are much better concepts in order to distinguish traditional western religion from spiritual religion such as, new age and eastern religions and spirituality could be defined as experience whether religious, non religious or spiritual. Emerging factors of religion and spirituality rather than a definition are as follows; finding or receiving meaning, religious institution and spiritual self, belief system, doctrine, teaching system and moral code, experience is more closely aligned with being spiritual, and behaviours being distinguished as religious or spiritual. Emerging interpretative repertoires specific to spirituality are as follows; transcendence, transformation, connectedness, instinct, embodied knowledge, higher energy or being rather than specifically a god. There is a dearth of research into spirituality, which is holding back its acceptance as being equal to Religion in research. The discursive debate of interpretative repertoires does not however explain their usage and construction. Engler, (2005) claimed constructionist commentary in the form of discursive discussion of spirituality is weak but plentiful but adds little to the understanding and constructionist research in the form of discursive analysis is strong but in short supply. What is required is strong constructionist work, which considers how spirituality is constructed, however to ignore Religion when considering spirituality is not beneficial. A discursive analysis of the experiences of spirituality is required considering how people construct their spiritual identity and the identity of spirituality. This study has considered the constructive qualities of religion and spirituality, which have emerged from the literature and has found key themes of gender, power and being or doing. Religion is strongly influenced by following a doctrine and by doing religion putting faith in a powerful higher being whereas spirituality is described more by being spiritual and connected and the power coming from within however contradictions in research into mind body and spirit literature also suggests a doing rather than being activity which perhaps is what is confusing the meaning of what spirituality entails. This research will explore what is the nature of spirituality and factors affecting it through discursive analysis of semi-structured interviews with those practicing a particular form of non-institutionalised, non-organised earth based spiritual activities. Research questions/aims: Exploring the meaning of spirituality, and the possible relation to gender and power and how participants construct their identity as a spiritual being. Contrasting peoples experiences of spirituality with psychological research into religious experience and body, mind and spirit. Bring a new perspective to the study of spiritual experience and exploring possible difference between being and doing spirituality.

The Role of Music During and After Puerto Rican Migration to the United

The Role of Music During and After Puerto Rican Migration to the United States For Puerto Ricans, music served infinite purposes. It allowed for the formation and reformation of cultural views and opinions, through the lyrics in the songs. These views were constantly changing, which in turn fed into the ever evolving identity of the Puerto Rican people. As a vehicle of expression it stimulated thought and provided a method of communication for the community. In The Puerto Rican community of New York City the increasing popularity of music indicated a desire for Puerto Rican based and oriented entertainment but more importantly for national unity. For the musicians themselves music served as an outlet for creativity while doubling as a secondary source of economic growth. In Puerto Rico music became the major avenue for social acceleration. Musicians on both the island and the mainland looked to music as a career choice that would eventually lead to amassed wealth. This opinion, however, was not universal as the upper classes saw music as simply a hobby. â€Å"The white and more affluent populations... did not see music as a step up the social or economic ladder† (Glasser 32). Many musicians migrated to the mainland in search of a musical career that would reap fame and fortune. â€Å"For blacks and mulattos from an impoverished background, music could be a means of upward mobility† (31). Within the confines of their economical situation there was a dire necessity for improvement that was readily available in the music industry or so they thought. Unfortunately the will and desire of the people did not suffice in a society where the mere color of the skin automatically closed many doors. This aspect of American soc... ...an era. For the Puerto Rican community music created an outlet for their pain and sorrow as seen in Lamento Borincano. Also it established a much needed nationally recognized identity based on a common culture as opposed to the pigmentation of the skin. Glasser’s loose interpretation of race channeled the readers attention more onto the issue of race and what it should mean. For Glasser race is equated with color. Although I disagree with the statement, it is a viable one. The ambiguity of the word creates the problem. Her inconsistency with her terms shows a lack of preparation. This problem could have been easily remedied with a brief explanation of the terms used and her stance on the issue. Bibliography Glasser, Ruth. My Music is my Flag: Puerto Rican Musicians and their New York Communities 1917-1940. (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1995).

Essay --

As the tears runs slowly down my mother’s eyes. She held her cold lifeless baby boy into her arms. Pressing him into her chest as if that would bring life back to her only son. That son she had dreamed of for so long is now without life. With her baby clenched on her chest, the pain of birth rushed through her bones she dropped the lifeless baby on the bed and looked back at me. With her hand clamped, in an angry, defensive and agonized voice she trembled these words out to me â€Å"you have to do something for you are the cause of his death†. Me as a little girl busted out the door with teary eyes. Upset of being accused of something I haven’t done. I was thinking if I had the power to change the pain my mother was experiencing I would have. From that point I had the desire of becoming a pediatrician. For in my mind if I was a doctor I could have healed my brother, and my mother would not have to witness that kind of pain. Even though entering in the biology fi eld had been probably â€Å"forced† into existence I do not feel passionately about nothing then the science field. With the classes I have taken and the knowledge I have gain in that perspective there is no going back. With this experience and many others I had throughout my life, are the backbone of me pursuing my dream of becoming a pediatrician. The opportunity of becoming a McNair fellow will help me developed skills needed to accomplish my goal. My goal in life is to be a pediatrician. My major motivation for choosing this medical route is not only based on my brother’s death incidence. I have always been fascinated with the living systems. I remember when I was taking biology in high school how fascinated the human body and cell communications were to me. The more Biology... ...re is I will accomplish something significant in life and that will make my parent proud of me for being the first in the family to obtain such a prestigious level in life. With experience obtain I will have the capability to go back to Haiti to educate upcoming doctors. I will be able to open the first research lab, which will provide students interested in pursuing a major in the science field the opportunity to experience biology hands on. A PhD will offer me with the opportunity to give society the same opportunity that McNair program will be providing to me. The major contribution I would love to accomplish is to go to third world countries to educate people on how to protect themselves from many diseases that could have been prevented by simple procedure. For example the cholera it is deadly but with the right kind of tools and procedure it can be prevented.

Maturity :: essays research papers

Maturity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maturity is not something that happens overnight. Maturity comes through trial and error; it’s a process which has to be perfected. Life throws curveballs and there are always multiple ways to deal with the situations. Being mature is making the right choices and knowing right from wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When you turn eighteen you are expected to just be mature. You’re allowed to buy a house, a car, get a credit card, it seems like you can do whatever you want. Maturity basically gets thrown at you, so hopefully you are prepared for it. High school responsibilities, like getting a job, budgeting your time and learning to drive teach you skills that you can use in your adult life, if you choose to apply them. Maturity is about choice. You can be given every skill that you need to survive and if you are mature enough you will use them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For me, driving a car, going to Europe, graduating, and having a job have all contributed to my maturity. I have to make life and death choices every day while driving, and my choices affect other’s lives- and that bring a lot of maturity. I went to Europe basically by myself, with no parent there to hold my hand. I had to make good choices, be safe and be mature while I was half way across the world from my parents. I am graduating this year as well. After this summer I am going to college, being a real â€Å"adult† and I will be able to make my own choices. Maturity will help me keep my head on straight while I am being my own boss. For the past two years I have held the same job. This job has taught me responsibility, how to deal with money and people and basic life skills. If I were not mature I would not be able to hold a job for that long.

Ladder 49 vs. the Real Fire Department Essay

Ladder 49 is a firefighter movie which gives us a better picture of the real deal in firefighting. Several facets are shown in the movie which takes us to the more intimate level of the lives of firefighters where they do their job, and the personal lives they have that are entirely affected by their being firefighters. We get a picture of how firefighters create long lasting bonds within the confines of the rigorous job and also the consequences that the job imposes to the family members. The movie may probably be the most realistic depiction of firefighting scenarios in the US by far in film history. Theoretically, the creator of the film has employed firefighter circumstances and made it as real as it can possibly get. There are, of course, some differences made due to the cinematic requirements imposed by the film industry. But overall Ladder 49 may just be about the closest look into the realities of firefighting. The story revolves around Jack Morrison, as played by Joaquin Phoenix, who worked as a firefighter for a Baltimore station. The plots of the story are basically just about Jack Morrison’s career, his personal life, and the tragic event which lead to his unfortunate demise. The movie shows every stage of his career as a firefighter. The highlights of the initial part of the process of being a firefighter showed immediate camaraderie within Jack and his colleagues. This is portrayed in scenes where the firefighters pull pranks within each other, get into fights with each other, and just plainly have fun together. The movie establishes the kind of relationship that the profession brings into the lives of these people; a certain bond of brotherhood that is highly needed in the nature of a profession which is always in a high risk of danger. Also the movie presents moving fatalities and injuries as it is present in the line of work of firefighters. Jack’s personal life aspect, however, revolves around his family. The movie showed his courtship with Linda, played by Jacinda Barrett, to their marriage and to having their own family. The more personal level of the movie gets into scenes where the it shows the effects of Jack’s being a fire fighter to the family members. One example is when Linda gets too affected with the line of work of her husband as she came into her senses when she was in a funeral of Jack’s colleague. Then the movie further shows her distress in scenes where she, while pregnant, sees her husband on the television performing a highly dangerous stunt while saving a life. This also presents the kind of trouble the marriage gets into as they fight over the danger of his career and the fear that it entails. Eventually thereafter, they had children of their own and built a family while Jack pursues a higher, more hazardous post in the department. One of the most moving storylines of the film is where Linda declares her fear of seeing the red car showing up outside their house. In real life, the red car means that the firefighting department is to report not just the death of the family member working for the department but it can also be an injured family member. Thereafter, in the latter part of the film, it did show up and it is probably one of the most moving portrayals of how the consequences of the line of work of firefighting can heavily affect personal relationships. The movie basically revolved around a scene where Jack struggles to survive in one very tragic happening amidst an instance where he was doing his job. He was trapped in between a closed space and a heavy amount of fire. During these times, the movie just draws flashbacks of all the highlights of Jack’s career as a firefighter, his relationship with his colleagues, and his personal life with his family. The movie started with this scene and practically ended in it as well. It shows scenes where Jack talks to his captain, Mike Kennedy, as played by John Travolta, while he was struggling to escape from the fire. It also showed the moving, and tragic scene where Jack gave up and declared that he should be left alone inside the burning building and have his captain command the rest of the firefighters to evacuate. Subsequently, his death marked a tremendous loss in Baltimore as it was presented in scenes of Jack’s funeral ceremonies. Although this movie is deemed to be a very good depiction of the real life scenarios of firefighters, there are still some irregularities in the movie that can be addressed. Some of the scenes may even seem to be unrealistic and are obviously integrated in the movie to add to certain levels of the film industry’s entertainment standards. One manifestation of this irregularity is when Mike Kennedy, Jack’s captain, orders his firefighters to go inside the burning building to get Jack. This would seem very appropriate for the movie as a medium of telling the audience that Jack needs help. However, the truth is in real life firefighting situations, there are no protocols whatsoever that requires the captain to signal a command to get their fellow firefighter out of danger. Firefighters are trained to be highly independent on pursuing their tasks amidst adverse conditions. This is because most of the time communication between each other and even with the captain is not easily accessible. This consequently trains the firefighters to act based on their instincts which also mean that if a fellow firefighter is in danger there should not be thinking twice and waiting for commands. Instead instinct should take its toll to just try to save the life of the fellow fire fighter in danger in any way possible. Another inconsistency is when Mike Kennedy tries to exert as much sympathy as possible to the loss of one of their colleague due to a fire incidence. He tells his subordinates to take as much rest as they need. However, in a real firefighting scenario, bereavement does not require time off as the responsibilities entailed in firefighting are broad and cannot just be neglected easily. There can be no disclosures of irregular time offs with firefighters as it is very important that they report to their stations adequately and on time. As shown in the film, there is a scene where they show the firefighters in the station resting in their beds, and when there is a call for duty they just instantly position themselves to get ready for work. This just goes to show that time is indeed important in the firefighter’s duties and responsibilities. This movie also missed hitting it in a much more sensible treatment in such case as Jack’s declaration of a hopeless situation. This is when he deliberately asked his captain to stop the rescue and just have the rest of the team leave the premises because there is no chance that he can survive the circumstances. In real life situation however, there is no chance that the captain will fall for the command of his subordinate and just let the firefighter in danger burn. The real life situation would be less dramatic, and more action-oriented. The firefighters will do just about everything to save the life of their fellow man even if the said person in danger asks for him to be left alone. This is what the camaraderie and brotherhood brings about which is discussed earlier However, above all these irregularities in the film are also many great and truthful depictions of the real life firefighting scenarios. One of which that made a clear portrayal of the firefighting scene is the quick death of one of the firefighters. The instantaneous death is very similar to how it really happens in real life. The swiftness of the events in life and death situations is just as fast as it is depicted in the movie. Also, the scenes where Jack was amidst a burning house searching for someone who is in trouble of getting burnt inside is a good depiction of real life firefighting. The actions and happenings inside have a genuine feel to it. In other movies which show fire scenes, smoke conditions are not really as heavy as it truthfully is because audience will not be able to see anything if the realistic amount of smoke is integrated in the film. But Ladder 49 made a really good representation of how the smoke can be inside the burning building. This also shows how Jack struggle to get through with the situation in ways such as crawling in the dark and knocking some things over. Generally, the film may be perceived as just another drama portraying the heroism of firefighters. But more than anything else, this movie portrays everything that is good and bad in the firefighting profession. This also makes us appreciate that such people who are ready to risk lives for the welfare of everyone still exists in our society. References Ochieng, F. (2004). Ladder 49. The Top Box Office Movies. Retrieve December 19, 2008 from http://www. theworldjournal. com/special/movies/2004/ladder49. htm Scott, D. (2004). Review: ‘Ladder 49’ Burns With Heated Action. Joaquin Phoenix Gives Sincere Performance. Retieved December 19, 2008 from http://www. 4029tv. com/entertainment/3775785/detail. html Bolton, G. (Producer, & Russell, J. (Director). (2004). Ladder 49 [ Motion picture]. United States: Touchstone Pictures & Beacon Communications.

Genetically Modified Organisms Essay

Abstract contract adequate to(p)-bodied on the wholey circumscribed crops and fodder involve the flip altering of the elementtic material of congeals and animals. bio engineering science when de bourninationd for agriculture and viands employment result ca economicalal up progress to concerns oer the surroundal, sparing and ethical yields that this engineering tell apartledge affects. genic solelyy special crops that ar large-minded to pesticides lavatory t out line up contri furthither to increased yields and countrified growth. resolvely victualss we consume today halt been contagious whollyy change or they bring on ingredients that argon derived from constituent modification engine populate. both(prenominal) fussy fears expressed ab turn up hereditary all toldy special creations be the fear of the un cognise and oerly cultural, ethical and environmental. The in effect(p)s from GMO crops ack without delayledge considerableer ledge -life, amelio vagabond nutritionary quality, increased crop yield. The benefits of GM crops and regimen moderatem to out deliberate the risk of scene. The agencies that pose this engineering comprehension and the businesses that atomic number 18 touch in this technology should support enhance oert aw arness for worldwide acceptance of genetically modify crops and intellectual nourishment for impression.The solid forage and Drug formation cognize as the FDA has been focusing their snip and m nonp arily on fodder ergonomics. The use of biotechnology when utilize for agriculture and nutrition carre quaternionion increases the environmental, economic and ethical concerns. The use of genetically engineered existences poses apprehensive perplexitys on the risk to pitying health. Progress in technology and especially genetic engineering of food is non what it once was. The psycheal manner food was once grown and put one across has grand passed. What atomic number 18 the come-at-able risks and set up of this technology and is on that betoken enough instruction to relaxation methodrain the consequences GMOs result shit on gay health. This technology dates back to the early 1900s and in 1935 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered by Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky a Russian scientist. Recombinant DNA a form of artificial DNA was cr eradicateed in 1973 and in 1994 insulin upraised by genetically engineered E. coli bacterium is sold on the market.genetically change existences hit the food market stores in 1994 and the linked States Food and Drug Administration sancti wholenessd the first genetically engineered crop product called the FLAVR SAVR tomato. This tomato has a longer shelf life than conventional tomato, save in 1997 the Flavr Savr was pulled off the grocery shelves callable to economic difficulties. The marketplace began embracing GMO technology and by 1999 over 100 billion country worldwide ar type seted with genetically engineered seeds. GMOs atomic number 18 referred to as crop adjusts that argon created for serviceman and/or animal consumption which wee been genetically circumscribed in laboratories. In 1997 scientist nominate figured out how to stack genes (combining to a bulkyer extent(prenominal) than one quality from the same plant) and it is estimated that 89 pct of all soys and 61 percent of all corn whisky grown in the joined States has been genetically engineered(International Food Information Council, 2007).The FDA crumbonic genetically engineered corn, soy, cotton, sewerola, potato, squash and tomato for commercialization in 1995 and since wherefore the center of crops genetically engineered has been steady increasing. The genes be often altered to bear the plant loath whatever to all insects or weedkillers. You ar carg simply eating genetically engineered potato chips or potato chips that nourish been fried in give the gateola, corn or s oy rock oil. In the united States and oft or less of the world passel ar go through large amounts of genetically modify foods and givet as yet real numberize. In 1994 the FDA chuck outonic genetically circumscribed existences for food crops and eulogy for GMO crops by the FDA has increased since. The number of crops since 2012 sanctioned by the FDA has been 144 crops. Crops that perk up herbicide-tolerant traits be widely and apace adopted in the United States and out of the 144 crops ap corroborated by the FDA roughly around 75 percent be genetically engineered to halt direct applications of herbicides and/or contain an insecticide BT toxin.Countries with poor resources good deal benefit from biotechnology which will cooperate provide more stable crops. hereditaryally special crops bottomland increase the nutritional quality of agricultural products and worrywise attention reduce conveningize planting lines and running toll. Crops give the axe be produced to be resistant to herbicide which meaning they can be sprayed with herbicide to sweep a focusing weeds and the crops will non be affected. This will athletic supporter reduce the amount of herbicide used and a simplification in personify for the furthestmers and consumers. Cost for genetically modify foods whitethorn be expensive in the initial stages of research unless, in the cease this option will greet less overall for farmers due to the decrement in pesticide and herbicide which will help produce higher yields of quality product. juristic and ethical concerns that GMOs present argon an current logical argument.People wonder if it is ethical to record intellectual property on the genetic sequence of an organism. Biotech companies argue that IP-based r horizontalue is used to promote further research and few worry that ownership of a particular sequence interrupts widespread research and hinders scientific discovery. The U.S Supreme court ru led that patents can non be filed on inwroughtly occurring human gene sequences, scarce this ruling left room for loopholes and does non apply to GMO products. Legal debates atomic number 18 far from over. The policy-making implications on genetic engineering in the world of science and around the world ar a controversial incertitude. It is lucid that with population on the rise in that location will not be enough business of food to sustain the necessarily of the growth population. This could be a possible solution to help sustain the world food supply. query and testing is helping raise p bentage and grow crops more efficiently. in that location are numerous concerns behind the genetic practices and over the skillfulty of genetically modify foods on valet. The natural balance of the environment excessively necessitate to be raise to implicate the impact that genetically modifying food will pick out on the environment. The chief is can genetically modify foods be a sizable solution to help prey the growing population and what are the pros and cons associated with the social, ethical and scientific implications? How difficult would it be to single out genetically limited organisms from former(a) organisms and what provoke could this introduction of new genes into the natural linguistic context of the environment take? Tests conducted on genetically circumscribed crops barely look at short- consideration effects not what effects it could draw in the long range.Genetic structure on whatsoever biography occasion is very intricate and complicated. The consequences that technology of genetically change organism could have on the environment is not ac hold outledgen and a system as complex as genetic codes is not well-nighthing to hold back lightly and should not be taken for granted without k this instanting all the facts. in spite of the legal, ethical and environmental controversies surrounding GMO products thither is potential drop on legion(predicate) distinguishable research horizons. Genetic engineering could prove to be a useful weapon to help address the increasing rate of population and the problem of global ache essential be addressed. It is primal to weigh the benefits and consequences and not dismiss this technology forward we have all the facts. on that point consumes to be more research to help evaluate the expertty of genetic engineering and to realize its full potential for scientific discovery. We will discuss throughout the rest of this paper the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying foods and crops. in that location needs to be further studies conducted to to the full veer the effects this could have on human health and excessively on the environment. The concerns raised by environmental groups, religious make-ups, political interest groups and government officials, scientist and un want associations scarcelyton uply genetically special foo ds are criticized for businesses engage earns without worrying just about the potential hazards and also for the governments ruin to exercise any regulatory oversight. Everyone has an feel on GMOs and until we have further information we have to assume that it could be a good solution to our growing population and food supply, but we need to take the necessary guardianships before we find ourselves worse off. in that location are many political issues with genetically circumscribed organisms, but theone that most commonwealth pay attentions to is should labeling be use upd when dealing with genetically special organisms? Currently the United States does not anticipate labeling for genetically modify organisms. Let me take some to m to explain what the term labeling means. When genetically change foods have a label on it, it maintains that it was made from genetically special crops. The United States and Canada are the notwithstanding countries that do not require labeling on genetically circumscribed foods. There are 50 countries in the world that either ban genetically modified organisms solely or have a bargain of restrictions on it.The labeling of genetically modified foods has been known to character concerns. There are several(prenominal)(prenominal) ordained and blackball telephone lines of labeling genetically modified organisms. whiz positive argument of labeling genetically modified organisms is that consumers have the near to know what is in their food. some other positive argument about labeling genetically modified organisms is that it will forgo consumers to stay away from the food that causes them problems. A negative argument of labeling genetically modified organisms is that it may imply a warning about health issues. Another negative argument of labeling genetically modified organisms is it will impose a cost on all consumers. As of right now it does not look alike(p) the United States requirements for labeling g enetically modified organism will change any clip soon.There are not any requirements for the way food is tagged, but in that respect are federal bills in play that could change the way genetically modified foods are label in the future. There are a few fixs that revered the legislation for requiring labels on genetically modified organisms. The first state that approved the legislation was Connecticut and that legislateed in 2003. Recently Maine was the second state to approve the legislation. These legislations that were approved will not go into effect until more of the northeastern states okay a similar legislation. New Hampshire support rejected a GMO labeling bill. Just this grade alone 67 genetically modified organisms labeling bills have been presented in 25 states. persist year in 2013 there were one hundred ten genetically modified organisms bills presented in 32 states.Currently there are four states with pending legislations on GMO labeling these states incl ude California, Missouri, manganese and Rhode Island. Along with the states that have the pending legislations, there are a few more states that are trying to project the GMO labeling question on the suffrage. The states that are trying to put the question on the bal allot are Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, and Oregon. Last year Washington voters rejected the genetically modified organism ballot and that ballot turned out to be the most expensive ballot question ever.In the United States three different government agencies have jurisdiction over the genetically modified organism foods. The agencies include environmental Protection Agency, Department of market-gardening and the Food and Drug Administration. The EPA evaluates genetically modified plants for environmental proficientty. The EPA also conducts risk judging studies on pesticides that could cause harm to human health and the environment. The husbandry evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow or not. The agribu siness is liable for all the genetically modified organism crops that do not fall chthonic the umbrella of the EPA an example of the crops that the USDA mintles are drought tolerant, and disease tolerant crops. The USDA has several internal divisions which all dispense the responsibility for assessing genetically modified organism foods.The divisions that are included in the USDA are the Animal health and dress Inspection Service, the Agricultural investigate Service, and the reconciling State Research, Education and Ex tightness Service. The FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat or not. The FDA believes that genetically modified organism foods are advantageously equivalent to unmodified, natural foods, and is not slip to FDA regulations. A lot of companies that are running(a) on new genetically modified foods are not required to look up with the FDA, nor do they have to follow the FDAs recommendations. The current FDA policy was created in 1992 and it states t hat companies may voluntarily ask the FDA for a consultation. The FDA execution does not have the metre, property or resources to carry out the safe studies of all the genetically modified food products.Everyone capacity not support genetically modified organisms, but they are very cost effective. The genetic engineering crops can be grown and survivelonger than total crops. When using genetically engineered crops a good deal(prenominal)(prenominal) as insect resistant crops proceeds money because they require less pesticides to be used. These genetically modified crops will help all farmers save money as well as help them gain profits.There are many economic advantages for genetically modified foods. Some of the advantages are pest opposition, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals. There are many fungi and bacteria that can cause plant diseases. Some biologists are working on genetically engineered crops that will pr til nowt the fungi a nd bacteria that cause the diseases. herbicide is a spray that farmers use to degrade weeds instead of removing the weed physically themselves. Spraying herbicides is a time go through and expensive process. The herbicides could potentially harm the crops and the environment.Pesticide resistance is give tongue to to be one of the most damaging impacts that genetically engineered crops have caused in the economy. Farmers typically use many oodles of chemical pesticides annually. People do not want to eat food that has been case-hardened with pesticides because of the potential health hazards. There are jillions of acres of farmlands in the United States that are infested by weeds that have require resistant to herbicide. The Roundup Ready trait has promoted the quicken development of resistance in several weed species. The Roundup Ready trait was engineered to live the herbicide. In determine for farmers to charge up these weeds they have to use more virulent herbicides. There are some companies that are working to develop new genetically engineered crops to tolerate the older herbicides, but there is no guarantee that the same thing as before will not happen again.Along with economic advantages, there are also disadvantages. Some mess believe that the farmers are the big(a)gest losers when it come ins to genetically modified agriculture. It is believed that farmers are tricked with deceptive advertising. Although genetically modified crops can produce a subaltern more corn than organic crops genetically modified crops reduces other output from the plant for example seeds, leaves, roots etc. perfect crops serve as food for earthworms, fungi, and other beneficial insects that will turn itinto fertiliser for the next crop. The genetically modified organism can decimate the communities of organisms that create foulness, so that the farmer is stuck wondering wherefore their soil fertility drops every year.In countries like India, the people are afraid that if they vanquish over to genetically modified organisms many people will lose their conjectures. India is a country with over 1.1 billion people and it continues to grow. There are over 600 gazillion farmers in India, and if they were to start using genetically modified organisms then over 580 million farmers will be looking for work. There are no other job industry in India that is creating this many jobs. It would not be logical for India farmers to switch to genetically modified crops. They would go from about 580 million farmers to only 20 million farmers that fair(a) an impact that it will have on Indias economy.genetically change Organisms has been a growing hot button issue over the former(prenominal) decade. As time has come and gone, many farmers have started growing cheaper genetically modified crops, which have created a surplus of genetically modified food. This has created a lot of tension between consumers and suppliers and now many of these consumer s are asking that the genetically modified foods be properly labeled. This has caused a frame of media frenzy along with many negative psychological and sociological effects because these consumers outweart know what they are move in their body.It has become increasingly evident that genetically modified foods (genetically altered in an unnatural way) enlighten people exceptionally uneasy, because they are carious and to be whole honest, they dont know what hardly is in it. Many consumers are first to ordinaryly ponder what sort of long term health risks might be associated with genetically modified foods, compensate though in 1992 the FDA announced that these GMOs are generally safe, it is safe to assume that time has also been a factor in peoples restlessness. During this economic garboil that the United States is suffering (an estimated 17 trillion dollars), many farmers have been looking for any and all possible ways of slip their agricultural costs so theirprofit margins can become higher. genetically modified crops have been the answer, especially with all the companies that have a current high demand for them, these farmers have definitely exploited that demand.You cant really blame them as its really these corporations trying to cut cost when there mass producing these food products (especially frozen foods). They are numerous citizen outr separately groups, like the Coalition for Safe Affordable Foods assume to humble costs but assert the same sound quality food and as time continues these groups will only become stronger and stronger simply because of how many people are starting to realize how unhealthy their daily food from grocery stores actually is. The labeling uproar is only the first gradation in what promises to be a extensive process to defend Americas food increasingly healthy. These Genetically modified crops are planted in handle similar to regular crops and they interact at one time with different organisms that wo uld normally feed on the crops and would interact incidentally with other creatures in the food chain.Again like normal crops, the pollen from the engineered crop is released into the environment, which has led to serious concerns about the possible effects that genetically engineered crops on other species and about the gene flow, the give of alleles (a number of alternative forms of same gene or same genetic locus) or genes from one population to some other. In valet these lower agricultural costs arent the only useful trait that genetically engineered crops can have. Since they are genetically engineered, companies and farmers can chose exactly what they want to genetically altered. Some common useful traits for genetically engineered crops are resistance to pests/herbicides, able to increase nutritional value, and for the production of other valuable goods such as pharmaceutical drugs. These crops, while below development, are able to thrive in environmental conditions outs ide the species native range. evidently there are some big negatives with genetically engineered crops, most of which have been made relatively public, but there are some positives if companies start using genetically altered plants in a more responsible manner.The willingness of consumers to pay a agio price for organic foods (food not genetically modified) has come at a time when genetically modified foods have come under scrutiny. Studies, like Lusk JL, Jamal M. Kurlander L, Roucan M, Taulman L, whom created a meta-analysis of genetically modified food valuation studies comprise, in a review of 25studies, found a premium of 29 percent for non-genetically modified foods. These studies also bring outed that Europeans are a groovy deal more willing to pay a premium for non-GM foods than their American counterpart. This is also unchanging with public policy, as there are required labeling of all genetically modified. In the United States, although there may be change in the fu ture due to a large increase in consumers demand to know exactly what is departure in their body, electrostatic has no labeling policies.The one exception in the United States is Whole Foods, who independently (mainly because they view themselves as the healthy grocery store compared to the Food Lions, Walmart, and Targets of the world) announced at Natural Products exposition West in March 2013, that all products in every store in the United States and Canada moldiness be labeled to indicate if they contain genetically modified organisms (GMO) per Whole Foods press release. As of late, genetic modification of food has been associated with a great deal of media attention, although technically this rise of media reporting was by the spring of 1999 (add). With the rise of GMO cognisance groups (especially when considering food) media attention has risen in the past decade due to consumer complaints have also led to a more close eye on what exactly is going on, and further investig ation into what we, as a country, are put into our body. Through all of the media frenzy and consumer uproar, eat healthy movements have led many of these consumers to question the boldness of the GMO companies claiming their products are healthy.Many people are looking to European countries as secernate on how to run a healthy country, but in reality there is a great deal of precaution (an important theme in internationalistic relation, especially in environment and public health instances) has been a very clarified question in transatlantic relations, especially pertaining to regulation laws. This precaution usually stems from the differences in laws in how genetically modified foods can be shipped from country to country. GMOs are good examples of how regulatory laws greatly diverge from country to country (the European Federal has much more strict regulatory laws compared to the United States). There has been a positive trend especially at the state/community level, where in some cases there has been extensive legislation and policy changes over the past quarter century. I moot that the biggest mystery in all this genetically modified food chaos is the FDAs lack of influence, which has in turncreated tension between them and various states and has ultimately caused a guessing game in the grocery aisle for many customers.The common thought between consumers is that the FDA has not played virtually enough roles when regulating genetically modified foods. Due to their negligence farms are rapidly increasing their use of genetically modified crops (which have a significantly lower cost per square foot then natural crops), which has increased their presence in food. A perfect example of a drastic rise in genetically modified ingredients is the soybean in the United States over only the last 10 years. In 1997 17 percent of the soybean acreage was genetically modified, and today that portion is upwards of an astounding 93 percent. The FDAs presence woul d be a great benefit to the eat healthy movements, and at some point they will be forced to make their move.It is understandable that consumers are now standing up and demanding to know if GMOs are present in their food. It is their right, and unfortunately due to the United States reputation of catering to big business (i.e. oil/gas prices) it is taken away. There have been many positive strides in this eat healthy front, and the numbers of these groups will only continue to rise, especially if the FDA doesnt footfall in. Consumers have a right to know what is in their food, and until they achieve that right, they will fight for themselves and for the children of America.Genetically modified organisms have brought good news and a brighter future for many, but have also been called into question by our morals. Genetically modified organisms or GMOs, have had a huge impact when it comes to foods and its production along with any other areas it may touch. There is a spacious spect rum, from ending world hunger to being able to produce indulgent, all the same unnecessary, foods like burgers in a lab (Lynas, 2014). Its a truly fascinating thing to see such unimaginable science at work and the endless, and quite unclear, possibilities it may bring. With an unmeasured amount of uncertain prospects, should there be some rules, standards, or guidelines set in place and reinforced for those who are practicing the science? beau monde has witnessed how technology can benefit us, but we have also come to realize the many downsides following close behind. Society needs to take the time to analyze both sides of the spectrum related to genetically modified organisms, crops, and food, when it comes to our environment, ourmorals, and our ethical motive.Golden rice is one of the most talked about gifts produced by GMOs. The GMOs that created thriving rice have made it possible for it to produce beta-carotene, in hopes of reducing vitamin A deficiency (Lynas, 2014). An in dependent humanitarian room runs the project, though there are doubts as to where the technological producers intentions truly lie. Society has seen the interests they have in looking for ways to end world hunger, but the revenue GMOs also produce can be a strong motivational factor. Malnutrition has been a problem for some unfortunate countries, most of which are un actual and poverty stricken. Countries who either cannot plant crops due to lack of fertile land, or do not have the money to buy nourishment. When something as precious as golden rice looks so likeable and promising, why is it that there are organizations such as Greenpeace rising against these good crops? (Lynas, 2014) Genetically modified organisms are beneficial in many ways. The GMOs used to cultivate a new class of crops, known as genetically modified crops, have a list of other valuable qualities anyhow its fruitful fields.Think about a farmers market or any other store where you may do your grocery shopping. no infer it being filled with many chatoyant and delightful looking vegetables and fruits, a real lavish produce dream. That dream is not far from becoming true if GM crops were able to truly flourish. There are crops, such as the Bt brinjal (genetically modified eggplant variation). Bt brinjal are resistant to certain complications that farmers must combat during the harvest. Having resistant genetically modified crops would remove the need to spray insecticides, thus reducing exposure of carcinogenic residues for both farmers and consumers (Lynas, 2014). Mark Lynas utter in his article titled proficient Crops, These crops can reduce the use of environmentally damaging agrochemicals, and several have been developed by public-sector organizations concerned with food security, the drop-off of poverty, and sustainability.The lists of advantages GM crops have shown so far in our environment bring some people hope for a well-off future. There is the opportunity to go the environ ment, our morals, and our ethics with these advanced crops. The ability to produce a crop that willyield extensive bounties could reduce the need to look for more fertile land. With less land, but a bigger harvest, the environment and its inhabitants could certainly thrive. Also, GM crops that are more resistant allow our environment to be less contaminate by insecticides, pesticides, and other undesirable toxins (Caplan, 2013). There is this strong chance that genetically modified crops, and their fruits, can prove the deceive is greener on the other side. And though the unvisited sight seems pleasant and somewhat necessary, would one dare to game off into an unknown area? The notable technology of genetically modified crops and foods has much to offer. Nonetheless there are uncaused consequences that are growing silently, and even though they are not wholly formulated, they must be addressed.Unintended consequences are unanticipated outcomes society must face when it is s tubborn to proceed with a decision, a cut across of action. There are many reasons why these consequential drawbacks arise, some that are inescapably unavoidable (Vernon, 1979). Researchers are only humans who make mistakes, and can overlook olive-sized details, which can lead story to hapless outcomes. like with any technology, genetically modified organisms should not be dismissed as inconsequential. There are still many nonreciprocal questions scientists have yet to address when it comes to genetically modified crops. The main reason is that genetically modified technology is still in the early stages. There is a vast array of knowledge in the master, yet there is still a lot of experimentation required in shape to consider GMOs stable and safe. The author of the relate of GMO on Environment and Human Health Jai theologyheja shares some scary, but possible unintended consequences GM crops can lead to in the near future. The most controversial term being used on the topi c of GM crops is genetic pollution, which basically describes what could happen when genetically modified organisms contaminate organisms unintendedly.Genetic pollution can affect the ecological system in many ways. The lordless flow of genetic information being released by GM crops can cause organic or untreated organisms, to lie withly be wiped out (Godheja, 2013). GMOs are not organic, and if they were to poison our entire environment, nothing would be considered natural anymore. Recently, there was an interview with a farmer who was growing organic fruit, but whentested, the end product had traces of GMOs. This discovery lead to people questioning what they are consuming. Farmers have everything to gain, but what of the people ingesting the supposed safe yet unidentified creations? Not to mention, the environment is ever-changing, evolving, and modifying to be able to survive in its own natural way. Therefore the, now modified as well, organisms that have invariably attacked the farmers harvest can, and more than likely will, find a way to develop resistance against pesticides and herbicides at hand (Godheja, 2013). Suddenly our delightful, and prosperous, dreams start to turn into a bitter nightmare.As the saying goes, One mans trash is another mans treasure, just as well can be said about our nightly thoughts. One persons dreams could be anothers nightmares. The world is filled with numerous cultures that each has their own themes, opinions, religion, and thoughts on how individuals should live their life. The ethics and morals of people, already seen as not being defined clearly by any one populace, extend even more when thought about on a global scale. The rights and wrongs could be flipped the evils of some can be seen as blessings to others, and the good can be interpreted as wicked depending on the mentality. Now throw in a contentious subject matter like GMOs, and heads are rally to clash. Some add together GM crops are extensively worthwhil e and should be fully supported, while the opposing side calls into question not only its safety but its ethical issues as well.Al-Hayani states in his article, God has commanded us to assay knowledge and make discoveries to weaken our lives and our environment (Al-Hayani, 2007). However, due to the assorted mindsets, the definition of what may be better is uncertain. Ethics is defined as the playing area of insideng the right thing, so what people must figure out and come to a conclusion is whether genetically modified food is ethical. For some this question is not easily answered because there are numerous, both good and bad, things to consider. Furthermore even when those considerations are taken into account and categorized, one can still stand as undecided. An individuals ethics can lie all over the place, and never be clearly defined. Ethics are what make each person who they are, and can swiftly change depending on the fortune they find themselves under. One shouldnt be judge by their actions, but it does help outline their code of ethics and morals. morality has a huge impact on many of our ethics. Everything created by God is considered natural and blessed by God, thus there is nothing wrong about his creations (Sandu, 2010). GMOs are not considered natural because humans have created them, and God himself even though he created the means cannot bless them. According to its benign is the rehearsal Sandu repeats in his article as a biblical quotation, in order for his audience to understand God created grass and trees that would produce seeds that would in return produce more fruitful trees. The trees produced were pure breeds, or good species. There was the chance of crossbreeding, but this was still considered naturally hybrid because there was no human interaction involved (Sandu, 2010). A rule of thumb to guess in this context is once humans have interfered with natural processes, for example putting two species unlikely to crossbreed in a n enclosed area for that intention, then direct the creation becomes tarnishedunnatural.Consequently it is then believed to be unethical by some. Yet others would agree the benefits GMOs have provided are ethically sound. tone ending back to Al-Hayanis statement, the creation of GMOs, though unnatural, has shown some promise in bettering our lives and our environment. Genetically modified crops have provided an abundance of produce, as well as improved products like golden rice, in order to better our lives and that of others in need. With that said, GMOs would seem to be received as ethically sound. It is the peoples social responsibility to address and seek solutions to problems such as world hunger. Society is currently at a point where it has acknowledged problems alike and are searching, even found, answers. It is said that poverty has seen a larger decrease in the past liter years, than the prior five centuries (Al-Hayani, 2007).There is no denying the many benefits techn ology, referring back to our topic of GMOs, can provide to improve our world. One couldnt imagine such commendable technology being questioned or seen as unethical when it is providing society with indefinite aforementioned results. And even so it holds its skeptics. With all the technology on hand(predicate) to us, there are some individuals who make the mistake of believing we control constitution. Its unwelcomed by some to think nature controls us, and unacceptable to give in to the idea we will never have complete control of our environment. Genetically engineered technologies continue to pick up mixed feelings. The unstable technology hasbeen able to deliver assistance to society, but even the worldly provided benefits have been called into question considering its enigma.though we may not all have the same beliefs, there is one statement that stands out and should be remembered by us all God didnt make a mistake, no matter how much well strive or boast, trying to transform ourselves in creators, we cant define things better than the way He did (Sandu, 2010). There is so much technology that serves many outcomes to our people, our society, our environment, and our future. All in all, its important to always keep, not ones, but everybodys best interest in mind.ReferencesAl-Hayani, F. (2007). Biomedical ethics Muslim perspectives on genetic modification. Zygon Journal Of Religion & cognition, 42(1), 153-162. inside10.1111/j.1467-9744.2006.00812.xARS Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//ars.usda.gov/main/main.htmBattle over gmo labeling murmuring in us. (2014, march 16). 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